Incident Reporting for Commercial Vessels

Question: Discuss about the Incident Reporting for Commercial Vessels. Answer: Introduction The marine system is recognised as the heart of all transportation methods in Australia. It is one of the highest prioritised mode of material transportation for Australia, besides being a major communicative medium with the other parts of the world. Ocean Drover had been crowned as the pride of Australian marine vessel system until the 9th October 2014, when it had to witness a devastating fire. The fire not only damaged the vessel physically, however, it had ruined it economically as well. This report has tried to analyse the factors that contributed in the fire mishap and aimed at recommending them the appropriate maintenance procedure. Vessel Details Vessel Ocean Drover is an Australian livestock carrier that was built in 2002. It is presently sailing under the flag of the Marshall Islands. It has also been commissioned in 2002 and considered as the worlds largest purpose-built livestock carrier since then. Vessel Ocean Drover has been constructed with advanced ventilation and 168 metres of length. This vessel is 31.1 metres in breadth with the capability of transporting 75,000 sheep or 18,000 cattle at a time (marinetraffic.com, 2016). Vessel Ocean Drover had 9 decks with a tonnage of gross 29812 tonnes. It had celebrated the proud 100th voyage already in June 2010. With a livestock area of 24,000 square metres, Vessel Ocean Drover had visited the major markets of the world, such as Jordan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Russia, Mexico, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, New Zealand, Turkey, China, Kuwait and many others. Vessel Ocean Drover has been reported with a carriage capacity of 1500 tonnes food and 2,740,000 litres of fresh water (wellard.com.au, 2016). This royal vessel is capable of producing 600 tonnes fresh water per day through 4 reverse osmosis desalination plants. With an amount of 45 crew, Ocean Drover can accelerate its speed up to 20 knots. Accident As stated by Teo and Ling (2006, p.1586), with all sorts of modern facilities and technological advancements, Vessel Ocean Drover also could not avoid a major accident. The accident that ruined many things of this vessel has been caused by a largely spread fire. It was a sunny cold morning of 9th October 2014, when Ocean Drover witnessed a devastating fire across the crew accommodation. The fire extended widely and no sooner spread across both the accommodation decks. The entire crew of the vessel along with the shore emergency response teams had to be engaged in fighting the situation for rest of the day. The situation arrived under control after a long battle that took more than a half day (Lu and Tsai, 2010, p.2003). However, in the words of Aksorn and Hadikusumo (2008, p.718), the situation was not very optimistic at all even after extinguishing the fire. The fire took around the later part of the evening to be extinguished completely, when the navigation bridge of the vessel had been found damaged extensively. Most of the accommodation areas of the vessel had been observed damaged and burnt badly. Not the materialistic damages only, the fire incident at Ocean Drover caused severe injuries to four of the crew members of the ship as well. All of them were taken to the hospital henceforth. According to Amalberti (2001, p.119), this accident was a real curse for Ocean Drover, as it had damaged all their transportation plans and projects throughout the year. It had influenced negatively on the yearly revenue structure for the vessel. Ocean Drover took around months of time to recover all their damages. Cause of the accident Ocean Drover had to undergo an extensive load of post-fire repairs before being enabled again for successful sailing. However, ATSB (Australian Transport Safety Bureau) had to find the causes of the accident before let the management start the recovery method. As opined by Arocena et al. (2008, p.1372), ATSB operated an extensive enquiry for Ocean Drover to understand the issues of an accident more realistically. It was aimed at finding the loopholes and ensuring the future security for the vessel. As per their investigation report, the initial stage of the fire started at Ocean Drover on that particular day from the centrally located forward cabin. This part of the vessel used to be located on the upper deck. This was the positive sign of the investigation report by ATSB, which helped the management of the vessel to locate the actual place of danger along with identifying the possible reasons behind the accident. The report succeeded to find the place of ignition and suggested the m anagement to review the entire technical system of that part. The exact point of ignition, as investigated by ATSB, indicates at the failure of the boiler control. They had also mentioned the failure of the pneumatic and electronic controllers to be the reason behind the boiler control massacare. In the words of Basso et al. (2004, p.228), the fallacy in the boiler control indulged the fire to streche widely on the vessel. Several opinions are there, beside the investigation report of ATSB, most of which had targeted the fallacy of boiler control as the major reason behind the fire. The crews of the vessel also acknowledged it and agreed that there could be issues in the boiler controller. They could not even deny the responsibility of the pneumatic and electronic controllers in the ignition incident. The fire was discovered allowing fumes and smokes all across the vessel through the way of boiler controller. This incident had proved this part of the vessel as the major culprit behind the accident. This part of the report has been trusted more than any other theories available. However, there is an additional logic derived from the investigation report of ATSB. This part of the ATSB investigation report indicates at the failure of marine control system in the vessel. It had reported the fallacy of bridge deck stairwell of Ocean Clover during the time of accident. According to their report, this part of the deck helped the fire to spread across the vessel through the deck door. According to Bottani, Monica and Vignali (2009, p.157), the unlocked fire door causes the fire to engulf both the upper parts and the decks of the vessel. Brief Description of the Control System Which Failed As stated by Conchie and Donald (2006, p.1156), the failure of the boiler control system at Ocean Drover indulged the fire to spread more. There was massive dysfunctions at the boiler control system, which led a devastating fire. However, the post-investigation reports described the Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers of the vessel as more responsible for the ignition, as it contributed in the damage of boiler controlling system as well. It is acknowledged by most of the ATSB investigation reports as well. In most of the cases, the commercial vessels in Australia are found to be witnessing major accidents caused due to the failure in a control system. AMSA (Australian Marine Safety Authority) has ensured the safety of the vessels along with all the other commercial ships sailed in Australia largely. It insists all the commercial vessels and ships within the territory of Australia notify them for any sort of help within four hours of the accident. It also encourages the sailors to ke ep in contact with them and ask for help whenever any threat is noticed (Refer to appendix 1 for figure). The possible factors of the fire incident at Ocean Drover, as measured by the ATSB, left the management completely astonished. They never imagined that there could be a fault at their Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers or same as for the boiler controller. It was one of the most prioritised engineering designs of this particular vessel. However, in the words of Fernandez-Muniz et al. (2009, p.988), the most confident parts of a marine construction are often found with major loopholes at the end. Besides, they could not develop any prior communication with AMSA before the given time. The whole incident left the crew members of the vessel so surprised that they could not even take any position to make proper and needful decisions. The helps from the local marine authorities also came to them after a long while, when severe damages had already occurred. Cause of Failure of the Control System Several reasons have been reported for the investigation of ATSB behind the fire incident at Ocean Drover on 9th October 2014. The boiler controller issue in relation with the fallacy of Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers had been found at the top of the suspected list. The ignition has been caused due to the fuming boiler, as reported by ATSB. However, the reason of such occurrence was solely dependent on the control system. There were some dysfunctions at the Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers, which engineers had described as the reason behind the fallacy in the boiler system. As monitored by Elliott et al. (2008, p.139), the control systems of the boiler as well as the Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers had not been checked properly before sailing, which has contributed again to the fire incident. These are the major responsibilities of the vessel crews along with the engineers, which they are supposed to follow always to activate the control system properly. Hale et al. (2010, p.1029) stated that there are other factors too, which had increased the risk of fire at Ocean Drover. Most of the crew members responded lately to the fire alarms, which had caused unwanted waste of time to combat the fire collectively. A repeated single-person entries have been noticed in the caution area, which might have triggered the possibility of ignition in the vessel. A lack of training on extinguishing process and lethargy in communicating AMSA had also caused an unwanted delay for the accident to be overcome (Jiang et al. 2010, p.1471). Conclusion The role of a marine vessel is always recognised as high priority in the context of Australian transportation system. Thus, working with it is subjected to risk issues. Being a chief engineer of a vessel and that too of a prioritised one like Ocean Drover must be considered with proper care. The role of a chief engineer in a vessel is mostly comprised with both the safety and convenience of transportation issues. A chief engineer at Ocean Drover is always reliable to the safety measures of the crews and the logistics they carry to the other parts of the world. Several issues have been raised from the investigation report of ATSB, which might have contributed to the fire incident at Ocean Drover. It is a prior responsibility of a chief engineer to follow and analyse all the issues categorically in order to be able to recommend safety measurements for the vessel. A chief engineer is always recommended to take care of all the mechanisms and control systems of the vessel. It also ensures the safety of the vessels along with the human lives associated to it. Hence, they always need to test them properly before sailing and ensure the controller Algorithms along with the controller Tuning to be with their finest health. The alternative evacuation area must be examined properly and the evacuation map is suggested to be pasted on the walls of all major areas of the deck. Chief engineers are always recommended to be attentive about the transfer functions and enable the programmable logic controller with the fullest controlling ability. Above anything, ensuring safe sailing is the most prioritised responsibility of a chief engineer in a vessel. Reference List: Aksorn, T. and Hadikusumo, B. H. W. (2008). Critical success factors influencing safety program performance in Thai construction projects. Safety Science, 46(4), pp.709-727. Amalberti, R. (2001). The paradoxes of almost totally safe transportation systems. Safety science, 37(2), pp.109-126. Arocena, P., Nunez, I., and Villanueva, M. (2008). The impact of prevention measures and organisational factors on occupational injuries. Safety Science, 46(9), pp.1369-1384. Basso, B., Carpegna, C., Dibitonto, C., Gaido, G., Robotto, A., and Zonato, C. (2004). Reviewing the safety management system by incident investigation and performance indicators. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 17(3), pp.225-231. Bottani, E., Monica, L. and Vignali, G., (2009). Safety management systems: Performance differences between adopters and non-adopters. Safety Science, 47(2), pp.155-162. Conchie, S.M. and Donald, I.J., (2006). The role of distrust in offshore safety performance. Risk Analysis, 26(5), 1151-1159. Elliott, M. R., Kleindorfer, P. R., DuBois, J. J., Wang, Y., and Rosenthal, I. (2008). Linking OII and RMP data: does everyday safety prevent catastrophic loss?. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 10(1-2), pp.130-146. Fernndez-Muniz, B., Montes-Pen, J. M., and Vzquez-Ords, C. J. (2009). Relation between occupational safety management and firm performance.Safety science, 47(7), pp.980-991. Hale, A. R., Guldenmund, F. W., Van Loenhout, P. L. C. H., and Oh, J. I. H. (2010). Evaluating safety management and culture interventions to improve safety: Effective intervention strategies. Safety Science, 48(8), pp.1026-1035. Jiang, L., Yu, G., Li, Y., and Li, F. (2010). Perceived colleagues safety knowledge/behavior and safety performance: Safety climate as a moderator in a multilevel study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), pp.1468-1476. Lu, C. S., and Tsai, C. L. (2010). The effect of safety climate on seafarers safety behaviors in container shipping. Accident Analysis and Prevention,42(6), pp.1999-2006. Teo, E. A. L., and Ling, F. Y. Y. (2006). Developing a model to measure the effectiveness of safety management systems of construction sites. Building and Environment, 41(11), pp.1584-1592. MV Ocean Drover (2016, July 27). Retrieved from https://www.wellard.com.au/home/shipping/shipping-fleet/mv-ocean-drover.html Ocean Drover (2016, July 27). Retrieved from https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/538006122

Blood Sweat free essay sample

Blood, Sweat A ; Shearss: A Closer Look At Sweatshops Essay, Research Paper Blood, Sweat, and Shearss: A Closer Look at Sweatshops How can you state if the merchandise you are about to buy was made by a kid, by adolescent misss forced to work until midnight seven yearss a hebdomad, or in a sweatshop by workers paid 9? an hr? The sad fact is # 8230 ; You can non. The companies do non desire you to cognize, so they hide their production behind locked mill Gatess, barbed wire and armed guards. Many multinationals refuse to let go of to the American people even the list and references of the mills they use around the universe to do the goods we purchase. The corporations say we have no right to this information. Even the President of the United States could non happen out where these companies manufacture their goods. Yet, to shop with our scruples, it is our right to cognize in which states and mills, under what human rights conditions, and at what wages the merchandises we purchase are made. This paper will be a behind the scenes look at what truly happens behind the closed door of sweatshops. The footings # 8220 ; sweatshop # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; sudating # 8221 ; were foremost used in the nineteenth century to depict a subcontracting system where the jobbers earned their net income from the border between the sum they received from a contract and the sum they paid workers. This border was # 8220 ; sweated # 8221 ; from the workers because they received minimum rewards for inordinate hours worked under insanitary conditions ( Mason, 33 ) . This construct of sudating comes alive once more in today # 8217 ; s garment industry which is best described as a pyramid where big-name retail merchants and brand-name makers contract with run uping stores, who in bend hire garment workers to do the finished merchandise. Retailers and makers at the top of the pyramid order how much workers earn in rewards by commanding the contract monetary value given to the contractor. With these monetary values worsening each twelvemonth by every bit much as 25 % , contractors are forced to # 8220 ; perspiration # 8221 ; a net income from garment workers by working them long hours at low rewards ( Mason, 34 ) . The U.S. General Accounting Office has developed a working definition of a sweatshop as # 8220 ; an employer that violates more than one federal or province labour, industrial prep, occupational safety and wellness, workers # 8217 ; compensation, or industry registration. # 8221 ; More loosely, a sweatshop is a workplace where workers are capable to utmost development, including the absence of a life pay or benefits, hapless working conditions and arbitrary subject ( Department of Labor, 2 ) . Despite hard-won Torahs for lower limit pay, overtime wage, and occupational safety and wellness ( and even authorities and industry pledges to crackdown ) sweatshops are platitude in the U.S. garment industry and are distributing quickly throughout developing states. In the U.S. , garment workers typically toil 60 hours a hebdomad in forepart of their machines, frequently without minimal pay or overtime wage. In fact, the Department of Labor estimations that more than half of the state # 8217 ; s 22,000 run uping stores violate minimal pay and overtime Torahs. Many of these workers labour in unsafe conditions including out of use fire issues, insanitary bathrooms, and hapless airing. Government surveys uncover that 75 % of U.S. garment stores violate safety and wellness Torahs. In add-on, workers normally face verbal and physical maltreatment and are intimidated from talking out, fearing occupation loss or exile ( Department of Labor, 2 ) . The Department of Labor defines a work topographic point as a sweatshop if it violates two or more of the most basic labour Torahs including kid labour, lower limit pay, overtime and fire safety Torahs ( Department of Labor, 3 ) . For many, the word sweatshop conjures up images of dirty, cramped, bend of the century New York tenements where immigrant adult females worked as dressmakers. High-rise tenement sweatshops still do be, but, today, even big, brilliantly illuminated mills can be the sites of rampant labour maltreatments. Sweatshop workers report atrocious on the job conditions including sub-minimum rewards, no benefits, non-payment of rewards, forced overtime, sexual torment, verbal maltreatment, bodily penalty, and illegal fires. Children can frequently be found working in sweatshops alternatively of traveling to school. Sweatshop operators are ill-famed for avoiding giving pregnancy leave by firing pregnant adult females and coercing adult females workers to take birth cont rol or to abort their gestations ( Taylor, 52 ) . Sweatshop operators can outdo control a pool of workers that are nescient of their rights as workers. Therefore, foremans frequently refuse to engage nonionized workers and intimidate or fire any worker suspected of talking with brotherhood representatives or seeking to form her fellow workers. In the garment industry, the typical sweatshop worker is a adult female ( 90 % of all sweatshop workers are adult females ) . She is immature and, frequently, losing the opportunity for an instruction because she must work long hours to back up a household. In America, she is frequently a recent or undocumented immigrant. She is about ever non-union and normally incognizant that, even if she is in this state illicitly, she still has rights as a worker ( Taylor, 66 ) . In December of 1998, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights celebrated its fiftieth Anniversary. The authoritiess of the universe have pledged to honour the basic rights we are all born with. Unfortunately for excessively many people these promises have no significance. Hundreds of 1000000s of people are robbed of their basic human rights merely because of racial or economic position. Every individual has basic human rights such as adequate to eat, equality of chance, an instruction, freedom from force, and a support. Other human rights include clean H2O, a safe environment, wellness attention, a place, and say in our hereafters ( Mason, 88 ) . The ill-famed sweatshops of the age of Big Business ( the tardily 19th and early twentieth centuries ) virtually disappeared after World War II because of increased authorities ordinance of monopolies and the rise of trade brotherhoods. Sweatshops began to re-emerge once more, nevertheless, during the 1980 # 8217 ; s and 1990 # 8217 ; s because of economic globalisation. Today # 8217 ; s economic system is described as planetary because promotions in engineering have made it possible for big corporations that were one time confined to a specific geographic location to go big # 8220 ; multi-nationals # 8221 ; ( Mason, 77 ) . The popularity of the # 8220 ; free # 8221 ; market following the autumn of Communism and a rise in anti-union sentiment, coupled with authorities plans ( like NAFTA and GATT ) designed to promote free trade, have hastened the globalisation procedure. Large corporations are now free to seek out low-wage oasiss: destitute states where corporations benefit from oppressive dictatorial governments that actively suppress workers # 8217 ; freedoms of address and association. Even in North America, where the North American Free Trade Agreement is supposed to implement a minimal criterion for workers # 8217 ; rights, corporations concentrate in maquiladoras, # 8220 ; free trade zones # 8221 ; that were created by NAFTA, where the workers # 8217 ; rights commissariats of the Agreement merely do non use ( Co-op America ) . Corporations have been flying states with comparatively comfortable economic systems and stable, democracies in droves non merely to take advantage of inexpensive labour, but to get away authorities examination and unfavorable judgment from human rights and workers # 8217 ; rights organisations. Guess? Clothing Co. , for illustration, has ever produced the bulk of its goods in the U.S. but threatened to travel 75 % of this fabrication to Mexico last twelvemonth in response to Department of Labor commendations and extremely publicised human-centered runs about Guess? California contract sweatshops ( Department of Labor, 4 ) . There are likely sweatshops in every state in the universe # 8211 ; anyplace where there is a pool of desperate, exploitable workers. Logically, the poorer a state is the more exploitable its people are. Labor misdemeanors are, hence, particularly widespread in 3rd wor ld states. Nike has been criticized for unethical labour patterns in its Chinese, Vietnamese and Indonesian shoe mills, and Haitian garment mills. Non-profit groups have documented the labour misdemeanors of retail merchants like Philips-Van Heusen and the Gap in mills throughout Latin America. As mentioned above, nevertheless, developing states are non the lone 1s with sweatshops. Guess? Clothing Corporation, for illustration, has been cited legion times by the Department of Labor for the usage of contract sweatshops in California ( Department of Labor, 5 ) . Many of the companies straight running sweatshops are little and don # 8217 ; Ts have much name acknowledgment. However, virtually every retail merchant in the U.S. has ties to sweatshops. The U.S. is the biggest market for the garment industry and 5 corporations control about all the garment gross revenues in this state. These include Wal-Mart, JC Penney, Sears, The May Company ( owns and operates Lord A ; Taylor, Hecht # 8217 ; s, Filene # 8217 ; s and others ) and Federated Department Stores ( owns and operates Bloomingdale # 8217 ; s, Macy # 8217 ; s, Burdine # 8217 ; s, Stern # 8217 ; s and others ) . The Department of Labor has cited several industry leaders for labour maltreatments. Of these Guess? Clothing Co. is one of the worst wrongdoers # 8211 ; Guess was suspended indefinitely from the Department of Labor # 8217 ; s list of # 8220 ; good cats # 8221 ; because their contractors were cited for so many sweatshop misdemeanors ( Department of Labor, 4 ) . Other companies contract out their production to abroad makers whose labour rights misdemeanors have been exposed by U.S. and international human rights groups. These include Nike, Disney, Wal-Mart, Reebok, Liz Claiborne and Ralph Lauren. Harmonizing to the Department of Labor, over 50 % of U.S. garment mills are sweatshops. Many sweatshops are run in this state # 8217 ; s dress centres: California, New York, Dallas, Miami and Atlanta. Overseas, garment workers routinely make less than a life pay, working under highly oppressive conditions. Workers in Vietnam mean $ 0.12 per hr, and workers in Honduras mean $ 0.60 per hr. Sweatshops can be viewed as a merchandise of the planetary economic system. Fueled by an abundant supply of labour in the planetary market, capital mobility, and free trade, garment industry giants move from state to state seeking the lowest labour costs and the highest net income, working workers the universe over ( Department of Labor, 7 ) . It is frequently cost effectual to make concern in other states where there are non as many limitations and ordinances to protect the environment. For illustration, the disposal of contaminated waste and pollution of incinerators ; the workers, their safety, wellness and good being ; and the sense of duty to the host states and their people. Corporate duty is a subject environing the issue of sweatshops. With regard to corporate resettlement, the industries are lending to the prospective states economic systems ; nevertheless, they are taking advantage of the deficiency of ordinance and without turn toing the long-run effects of the future economic and environmental concerns to the hurt of these states. It is true at the same clip that economic development of these states will lend to the universe economic system and uplifting economic systems and populations will ensue in more stable planetary markets. Large corporations about ever use contract-manufacturing houses to bring forth their goods. In this manner, corporations separate themselves from the production of their ain goods and attempt to claim that the working conditions under which their goods are produced are non their duty. In fact, it is the corporations that dictate the conditions of their workers. Corporations squeeze their contractors into paying sub-minimum rewards. Large retail merchants and retail ironss force per unit area contract makers by declining to pay more that a reduced monetary value for fabricating orders. They besides demand that their fabrication contractors guarantee them a net income by purchasing back unsold ware at the terminal of each season. Manufacturers deal with this fiscal squeezing non by cutting their ain net incomes, but by cutting workers # 8217 ; rewards and benefits, and by compromising workers # 8217 ; physical safety. Many corporations besides refuse to contract to brotherhood stores. So, even if a contractor does desire to pay their workers a sensible pay and let them their freedom of association, he/she will likely be run out of concern. In the terminal, it is the workers who pay for corporate greed. Unfortunately the Department of Labor does non hold adequate forces to inspect every workplace for labour misdemeanors. The Department of Labor merely requires companies to hold an internal monitoring policy, as opposed to an external monitoring policy where site reviews and ratings would be unheralded and conducted by impartial parties. With internal monitoring there is no manner to cognize whether companies are stating the truth about the conditions in their ain mills. Many companies, like Nike, pay private accounting houses to come into their mills and measure the on the job conditions as # 8220 ; independent # 8221 ; proctors. Even when companies are caught go againsting workers # 8217 ; rights, the penalty is frequently nominal. Fines that may look hefty to us are undistinguished to companies harvesting multi-million dollar net incomes ( Co-op America, 6 ) . The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 officially prohibits sweatshops. However, because of understaffing at the Department of Labor and corporations # 8217 ; schemes for distancing themselves from the production of their goods by undertaking production out to many different makers, enforcement is slack. Earlier this twelvemonth Stop Sweatshops Bills were introduced in Congress that would amend the Fair Labor Standards Act to keep companies responsible for the labour misdemeanors of their contractors ( Department of Labor, 6 ) . Corporations set up sweatshops in the name of # 8220 ; competition # 8221 ; . In world these corporations are non facing net income loses or bankruptcy, merely excessively small net income! During this century, workers existent rewards have gone down while CEO # 8217 ; s wages have skyrocketed. In 1965 the norm CEO made 44 times the mean mill worker. Today, the mean CEO makes 212 times the wage of the mean worker. Corporations have skewed precedences. Many are seting disbursals like CEO wages and advertisement costs before the well being of their workers. For illustration, Haitian workers run uping kids # 8217 ; s pajamas for Disney would hold to labor full-time for 14.5 old ages to gain what Michael Eisner makes in one hr! Here # 8217 ; s another astonishing statistic: Nike could pay all its single workers plenty to feed and dress themselves and their households if it would merely give 1 % of its advertisement budget to workers # 8217 ; wages each twelvemonth! Corporations falsely claim that they are victims of the planetary economic system when, in fact, corporations help make and keep this system ( Femininists Against Sweatshops, 5 ) . It would be really easy to assail the job by working the issue and conveying it to the attending of the populace in a derogative mode. By raising the issue and educating people about the world of sweatshops, as the issue enters their consciousness and they realize how it effects their every twenty-four hours lives, a motion can get down to be made. Co-op America. The March to End Sweatshops. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sweatshops.org, 2000. Department of Labor. No Sweat # 8211 ; Help End Sweatshop Conditions for American Workers. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dol.gov/dol/esa/public/nosweat/nosweat.htm, 2001. Feminists Against Sweatshops. Frequently Asked Questions About Sweatshops and Women Workers. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.feminist.org/other/sweatfaq.html, 2000. Mason, Ryan H. Sweatshops in the Twentieth Century. Dame Publications, San Francisco, 1992. Taylor, Johnathan P. A Global Look at Sweatshops. Burns and Rogers, New York, 1997.

Pepsi Coke Challenge Lab Report Essay Example

Pepsi Coke Challenge Lab Report Paper The second one was hat there is no difference between brushing your teeth and not brushing your teeth, within the last thirty minutes, in their ability to distinguish between Pepsi and Coke. After doing the test and performing the necessary calculations on the chi-squared test, I found out that a greater amount of people who brushed were able to correctly identify the cola products. INTRODUCTION: If you were given a blind taste test and asked to distinguish between two products, how confident do you think you are in telling the products apart? In my Biology 141 class, we did the Pepsi/Coke Challenge and that challenge was simply about vying individuals a blind taste test, and asking them to distinguish between Pepsi and Coke. There are many reasons why reasons people perform blind test. These test can be sent, smell, feel or taste. In marketing, a blind taste test is used as a tool for companies to see how they can improve their product. It is also used as a tool for companies to develop their brand. For example, many restaurants select random people to taste their food, so that they would know which dish needs more improvement. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Coke Challenge Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Coke Challenge Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Coke Challenge Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The results of these tests are not always the same. This is because there are some people who may use those products very frequently, so they are more likely to tell the difference between the two products. On the other hand there are those people rarely use the product, so they will have a harder time distinguishing between the product and they are more likely to get it wrong. Then there are those people who are stuck between the two extremes who uses the product often enough, but they are unsure. However, I know that brushing your teeth and drinking or eating right after causes whatever you are eating or drinking to taste funny. Knowing this, the question I ask is, Is there a difference between brushing your teeth and not brushing your teeth, within the last thirty minutes, affect their ability to distinguish between the Cola products Pepsi and Coke? HI : There is a difference between brushing your teeth and not brushing your teeth, within the last thirty minutes, in their ability to distinguish between Pepsi and Coke. H2O: There is no difference between brushing your teeth and not brushing your teeth, within the last thirty minutes, in their ability to distinguish between Pepsi and Coke. If there is a difference between brushing your teeth and not brushing your and Coke, then there will be a difference in the percent that each group correctly identifies the colas in a blind test. METHODS: In order to get accurate results in our Pepsi/Coke Challenge blind test, the Biology 141 class disguised each can by wrapping aluminum foil over the entire can. We then decided to only ask fifteen students who attend the University of the Virgin Island on SST. Thomas campus to participate in our challenge. Before leaving the lab, the class was split into two groups, Comparison or Single Cola (which was Pepsi). The Comparison group gathered thirty cups, so that the participants wouldnt reuse the same cup and alter the taste by mixing the two products, fifteen questionnaire forms, an ice bag, ice three Coke cans and three Pepsi cans. The Single Cola group gathered fifteen cups, fifteen questionnaire forms, an ice bag, ice, and three Pepsi cans. We placed the cans that werent being used as yet into the ice bag until the one can being used was empty. Before giving the students the products to taste, we had them fill out the questionnaire that had questions such as, Did you take this test today? Have you eaten anything recently? Have you brushed your teeth within the last thirsty minutes? Which cola product do you like best out of Pepsi and Coke? How confident are you in distinguishing between the two cola products? If any student reported that they had taken the report earlier that day, we eliminated them and selected someone else who hadnt to fill their position. After asking the fifteen students, we then went back to the lab to record our finding on a spreadsheet. RESULTS: For our Pepsi/Coke Challenge, there were two hundred and thirty six people who did the test. Of he two hundred and thirty six people, fifty six people who brushed and seventy people who didnt brush identified the Cola products correctly. Everyone in the people who brushed section correctly identified the product, but one hundred and ten people in the didnt brush section got the test wrong. This represents 100% of the people who did brush and 38% of the people who didnt brush. After performing a Chi Square test, we saw that there was a greater percentage of people who couldve identified the product were the ones who brushed (SD 64. 1, chi-square = 3. 841, 1 degree of freedom). Figurer: A greater percent of people who brushed correctly identified the products. DISCUSSION: A greater amount of people who brushed were able to correctly identify the cola products. From the values given from the chi- squared test, this implicates that there is a difference between brushing your teeth and not brushing your teeth, within the last thirty minutes, in their ability to distinguish between Pepsi and Coke. Knowing this, I know that my second hypothesis, There is no difference , is incorrect and can be eliminated. The differences found in this test may be that the people who brushed may eave a cleaner mouth so they were more capable to tell which product was Pepsi and which one was coke. Most participants were able to tell the difference between Coke and Pepsi because they probably drink these cola products frequently. There were other people who knew the difference because they only drank Coke since they did not like the taste of Pepsi and vice-versa. Other people were able to tell the difference just by smelling it because they said that Pepsi had a sweeter scent. Since we only tested VI students, the results may vary if we were to do this challenge on another set of individuals.

Writing an Argumentative Essay Topic For High School Students

Writing an Argumentative Essay Topic For High School StudentsWhen it comes to writing essays at high school, there are many argumentative essay topics. In fact, there are so many arguments, you might have difficulty coming up with more than one. But a good number of them will require a lot of research, so do keep these in mind when you write.One of the first argumentative essay topics you should consider is yourself and your life. You may have some experience or education that you are not sharing here, but you can give a side-by-side example of a positive or negative incident that you're not proud of. As the life of the homecoming queen, you certainly had a couple of problems, but these are too few to describe in an essay. What did you learn from these experiences?Another argumentative essay topic might be your future plans in school. There are probably a million and one ways that high school can alter your chances of getting into college or attending graduate school. There are sever al types of scholarships for women and girls, but you'll want to make sure that you are researching all the options you can get before making a decision.Or maybe you think you might attend local colleges and you're wondering if there are any scholarships for single moms, minorities, or things of that nature. The truth is that most women who attend college must either work or attend to family matters, so a large percentage of women's scholarships don't benefit single moms. You can tell stories about achievements you've made in your life, which probably includes teaching, volunteering, or taking care of your children. A strong argument will be needed to support any statement that you make in the essay.This last example may make you think of a high school student who attended a successful and prestigious high school and went on to become a homecoming queen or something of that nature. That would probably be the most persuasive argument you could make to get a scholarship for women of t his caliber. You can tell stories about these remarkable women who overcame hard times and will surely use their stories to support your scholarship application.The thing to remember is that you're not going to get a scholarship to college by using these tips alone. You'll need to be prepared with all the information you need to make an argument, so don't feel like you're doing this alone.If you are a woman interested in applying for scholarships for women of high school, think carefully about what you might say to show how much you'll benefit by going to college. But do make sure you keep all of the facts and figures straight and have an engaging essay.

How to Use the Italian Verbs Sapere and Conoscere

How to Use the Italian Verbs Sapere and Conoscere â€Å"I know how to play the piano† and â€Å"I know him.† While the main verb â€Å"to know† in those two phrases doesn’t differ in English, it does in Italian. In fact, the two verbs you would use would be either â€Å"sapere† or â€Å"conoscere.† Both mean to know, but have different implications. Sapere means to know† in the sense of to be able to, or to know how to. It can also be understood as knowing about a situation or a fact, like â€Å"Non sapevo che tu fossi qui. - I didn’t know that you were here.† Conoscere, on the other hand, means â€Å"to know† in the sense of â€Å"to know someone† or â€Å"to know an area, town, restaurant, etc. Examples With Sapere  in the Present Tense Non so sciare. - I don’t know how to ski.So cantare. - I know how to sing. / I am able to sing.Non lo so. - I don’t know.Non so la risposta giusta. - I don’t know the right answer.Lei sa quando il treno arriva? - Do you know when the train arrives? (formal)So la lezione. - I know the lesson. TIP: The last example could also be used with the verb conoscere: â€Å"Conosco la lezione. -  I prepared for today’s lesson.† Using Sapere in Other Tenses (Il condizionale) Credo di sà ¬, ma...non saprei. - I believe so, but...I wouldn’t know.(L’imperfetto) Sapevi che Marco frequenta qualcuno? - Did you know that Marco is dating someone?(L’imperfetto) Non sapevo che tu volessi imparare l’italiano! - I didn’t know that you wanted to learn Italian! TIP: If you want to say something like â€Å"I’m able to speak Italian,† you would use the verb â€Å"riuscire† instead. For example, â€Å"Riesco a parlare bene Italiano. - I’m able to speak Italian well.† Examples of the Verb Conoscere in the Present Tense Non conosciamo Bologna molto bene. - We dont know Bologna very well. / We aren’t very familiar with Bologna.Il ristorante si chiama L’archetto? Mhh, non lo conosco. - The restaurant is called L’archetto? Hmm, I don’t know it.Quel film con Hugh Grant? Quello in cui conosce un’attrice e si innamorano? - Do you know that Hugh Grant movie? The one where he meets that actress and they fall in love? Conoscere in Other Tenses (Il passato prossimo) Ho conosciuto Francesca a casa di Giuseppe. - I met Francesca at Giuseppes house.(Il passato prossimo) Li Abbiamo conosciuti tre anni fa. - We met them three years ago.(Limperfetto) Da bambino conoscevo bene New York, ma tutto era cambiato da quel periodo. - When I was a kid, I knew New York well, but everything has changed since that time. TIP: Unlike the verb â€Å"conoscere,† which means the same thing when conjugated in the present, past, or imperfect tenses, the meaning of â€Å"sapere† changes when in the passato prossimo form. For example, when you say â€Å"Ieri sera ho saputo che lei viene qua. - Last night I found out that she’s coming here.† So, you could define â€Å"sapere† in the past tense as â€Å"to find out.†

The World of Abstract Art Painting Research Proposal

The World of Abstract Art Painting - Research Proposal Example The paper "The World of Abstract Art Painting" aims to describe the abstract art by looking at the intended as well as created meaning from the artist’s and viewer’s perspective respectively. The artist in focus when it comes to contemporary abstract painting is John Walker, an English printmaker, and painter, and the work is entitled ‘Oceania – My Dilemma’ painted in the year 1983. The work is presented on triptych: oil on canvas and its dimensions on the overall are 217cm by 513cm by 4.3cm. His current collections include Maine landscapes and Seal Point Series. ‘Oceania – My Dilemma’ is a series presented in triptych formation, which uses motifs from his earlier works. The monolith motif is taken as a representation of the Duchess of Alba from the portrait of Goya of 1797. The quotation on the left panel of St. John is a representation of spiritual transcendence. The complexity of imagery in the painting reflects the painter’s Australian experience, which acknowledges European legacy contact with indigenous landscape and people. Incorporation of Aboriginal and Oceanic art elements like spirit figures, masks, barks, skulls, biblical references, and the Alba figure show a collision between traditional beliefs and the introduced Christianity. Therefore, the abstract form of art has grown over the years to take a dominant position in the world of painting. It has helped artists to break from the traditional forms and be free to include word and image in their paintings.

Drawing upon the historical lessons of the Reconstruction Era and Essay

Drawing upon the historical lessons of the Reconstruction Era and cotemporary times, what should the role of government be in society - Essay Example ng and vital role in defending the rights of minorities, and must take action to atone for the wrongs of its past (for instance, by not simply ending slavery but actively redressing its effects).; The problem, however, is that from both that time period and today show that the government cannot be fully trusted: it will always act in its own self-interest. One of the most important lessons from the reconstruction era is that the government, to actually make societal changes for the better, must work to actively redress the crimes of its past – this is something that was simply not done enough during the reconstruction era, to the detriment of America today. Slavery was a crime committed by the various governments of the United States for almost 100 years – a crime that led to millions of people suffering and dying needlessly.2 America fought the civil war, at least in part, to atone for these crimes. The government also passed â€Å"constitutional amendments, [and] laws for racial equity† following the Civil war, believing simply outlawing their past crime was enough to make up for it.3 The problem, however, was that this did little to actually make up for the crimes of the past – black Americans were still widely discriminated against, and still relied on â€Å"privileged whites†4 for their work and sustenance – and if they tried to stand up against those whites they could be fired, deprived from work, otherwise harassed or even suffer violence.5 This led to black Americans having generation after generation of oppressed people, to the point where they still, more than one hundred and fifty years after the end of slavery, suffer from more societal ills such as poverty and crime. The United States government should have made a concerted effort to actually reverse the effect of the crime of slavery, not just stop committing that crime – if it had we might not need to be having debates about things like affirmative action today – and we would not