Black Identity in Langston Hughes Theme for English B - 1100 Words

Black Identity in Langston Hughes Theme for English B (Essay Sample) Content: Student nameProfessor CourseDate Black Identity in Langston Hughes Theme for English B In Theme for English B by Langston Hughes, the speaker of the poem inquires if race affects his writing. The poem raises questions of race and personal freedom that the speaker grapples with in an attempt to answer them. The tone and theme of the poem illuminate Hughes life experiences during the period of Harlem Renaissance. Through the speaker, Hughes presents a conflict in which a black student writes a composition for a white teacher, which reflects the racial tension prevalent in the society at the time (Hughes 1). In writing the composition, the speaker of the poem attempts to find identity in the midst of racial tension. The identity crisis is evidenced when the speaker begs the question Mewho? (Hughes 20). According to DiYanni, critics attempt to categorize Hughes poems into groups; those with racial affirmation and those with racial protest (522-523). However, Theme for En glish B, does not fit precisely within either of these two groups because the speaker conveys a tone of frustration and pride in the quest for identity and personal freedom. Langston Hughes, through the speaker, conveys the theme of discrimination during his time. The speaker is the only Black student in the entire class (Hughes 10). Although the speaker goes ahead and expresses himself as asked by the instructor, he is afraid of the judgment he will receive from the instructor and fellow students. The speaker reiterates that even though he is black, he does and likes the same things as other races. He states that Well, I like to eat, sleep, drink, and be in love. I like to work, read, learn, and understand life (Hughes 21-22). However, societys perception of race is different from that of the speaker as they were viewed as inferior race. Hughes tries to show that African Americans have equal standing with whites albeit the difference in skin color (Marpaung 38). Hughes conveys racial tension and African Americans quest for identity and freedom. In the poem, the speaker says that he does not seek to be part of the white culture. Equally, he believes that the white instructor does not desire to a part of black people either (Hughes 34-35). But the speaker hopes to learn from the instructor and believes that the instructor can also learn from him despite the instructors older age and being white (Hughes 37-40). Through this poem, Hughes portrays his feeling and that of his race towards racial issues. Throughout the poem Theme for English B Hughes demonstrates an element of racial protest, by black people, since white people believe they are superior and freer than blacks (DiYanni 522-523). The use of imagery in the poem helps to illuminate the speaker and the black peoples quest for freedom and identity. By describing images of Harlem, Hughes helps the reader to understand the roots and identity of the speaker, which in turn inform his view of society. The s peakers school is above Harlem, perhaps a pointer to the fact that he feels out of place with his familiar environment in Harlem. The imagery in the poem reflects the routine and experiences of common folks that Hughes tries to relate with his personal experience. In his attempt to illuminate on the experiences of black people, Hughes has been criticized and praised in equal measure. On the one hand, some black critics note that Hughes focuses on unattractive aspects of black life. On the other hand, Hughes received praise for identifying with common black people. In such case, Hughes uses less sophistication to depict African American experiences of identity crisis and quest for personal freedom (Jarraway, 830-834). In Theme for English B Hughes attempts to affirm that the pervasive feeling that blackness is an archetype of negation, absence and evil must be defeated so that the black self is viewed as a symbol of affirmation, good and presence. The speaker asks the instructor "So will my page be colored that I write?" (Hughes 27) to which the speaker responds in an ambiguous manner by stating Being me, it will not be white. / But it will be / a part of you, instructor, / you are white" (Hughes 28-31). Here, Hughes intimates that the speakers page will certainly be different. However, Hughes might also be suggesting that it is impossible to ever completely shun the power of the white race (Powell 3). Hughes attempt to discover the black self, through the narrator, is difficult because is measured relative to an ethnocentric standard. The poem is not pegged on racial affirmation since the speaker is forced to identify himself based on the ethnocentrism of the dominant white culture (Jarraway, 827-829). First, the speaker is the only black student in a class dominated by white students and a white instructor. Second, as stated earlier, the speaker describes images of Harlem to school, which seems to be outside his home. In this way, Hughes shows how the dominan t white culture, detonated by the instructor and students, has consigned black people to doubt their sense of identity and freedom. Since the speaker constantly views himself through the eyes of white society, he does not make sense of the notion of his own black identity. In conc...

Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language

On April 15, 1755, Samuel Johnson published his two-volume Dictionary of the English Language. It wasnt the first English dictionary (more than 20 had appeared over the preceding two centuries), but in many ways, it was the most remarkable. As modern lexicographer Robert Burchfield has observed, In the whole tradition of English language and literature the only dictionary compiled by a writer of the first rank is that of Dr. Johnson. Unsuccessful as a schoolmaster in his hometown of Lichfield, Staffordshire (the few students he had were put off by his oddities of manner and uncouth gesticulations--most likely the effects of Tourette syndrome), Johnson moved to London in 1737 to make a living as an author and editor. After a decade spent writing for magazines and struggling with debt, he accepted an invitation from bookseller Robert Dodsley to compile a definitive dictionary of the English language. Dodsley solicited the patronage of the Earl of Chesterfield, offered to publicize the dictionary in his various periodicals, and agreed to pay Johnson the considerable sum of 1,500 guineas in installments. What should every logophile know about Johnsons Dictionary? Here are a few starting points. Johnson's Ambitions In his Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language, published in August 1747, Johnson announced his ambition to rationalize spellings, trace etymologies, offer guidance on pronunciation, and preserve the purity, and ascertain the meaning of our English idiom. Preservation and standardization were primary goals: [O]ne great end of this undertaking, Johnson wrote, is to fix the English language.As Henry Hitchings notes in his book Defining the World (2006), With time, Johnsons conservatism—the desire to fix the language—gave way to a radical awareness of languages mutability. But from the outset, the impulse to standardize and straighten English out was in competition with the belief that one should chronicle whats there, and not just what one would like to see. Johnson's Labors In other European countries around this time, dictionaries had been assembled by large committees. The 40 immortals who made up the Acadà ©mie franà §aise took 55 years to produce their French  Dictionnaire. The Florentine Accademia della Crusca labored 30 years on its Vocabolario. In contrast, working with just six assistants (and never more than four at a time), Johnson completed his dictionary in about eight years. Unabridged and Abridged Editions Weighing in at roughly 20 pounds, the first edition of Johnsons Dictionary ran to 2,300 pages and contained 42,773 entries. Extravagantly priced at 4 pounds, 10 shillings, it sold only a few thousand copies in its first decade. Far more successful was the 10-shilling abridged version published in 1756, which was superseded in the 1790s by a best-selling miniature version (the equivalent of a modern paperback). Its this miniature edition of Johnsons Dictionary that Becky Sharpe tossed out of a carriage window in Thackerays Vanity Fair (1847). The Quotations Johnsons most significant innovation was to include quotations (well over 100,000 of them from more than 500 authors) to illustrate the words he defined as well as provide tidbits of wisdom along the way. Textual accuracy, it appears, was never a major concern: if a quotation lacked felicity or didnt quite serve Johnsons purpose, hed alter it. The Definitions The most commonly cited definitions in Johnsons Dictionary tend to be quirky and polysyllabic: rust is defined as the red desquamation of old iron; cough is a convulsion of the lungs, vellicated by some sharp serosity; network is any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections. In truth, many of Johnsons definitions are admirably straightforward and succinct. Rant, for instance, is defined as high sounding language unsupported by dignity of thought, and hope is an expectation indulged with pleasure. Rude Words Though Johnson omitted certain words for reasons of propriety, he did admit a number of vulgar phrases, including  bum, fart, piss, and turd. (When Johnson was complimented by two ladies for having left out naughty words, he is alleged to have replied, What, my dears! Then you have been looking for them?) He also provided a delightful selection of verbal curios (such as belly-god, one who makes a god of his belly, and amatorculist, a little insignificant lover) as well as insults, including fopdoodle (a fool; an insignificant wretch), bedpresser (a heavy lazy fellow), and pricklouse (a word of contempt for a tailor). Barbarisms Johnson didnt hesitate to pass judgment on words he considered socially unacceptable. On his list of  barbarisms were such familiar words as budge, con, gambler, ignoramus, shabby, trait, and volunteer (used as a verb). And Johnson could be opinionated in other ways, as in his famous (though not original) definition of oats: a grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people. Meanings Not surprisingly, some of the words in Johnsons Dictionary have undergone a change in meaning since the 18th century. For example, in Johnsons time a cruise was a small cup, a high-flier was someone who carries his opinions to extravagance, a recipe was a medical prescription, and a urinator was a diver; one who searches under water. Lessons Learned In the preface to A Dictionary of the English Language, Johnson acknowledged that his optimistic plan to fix the language had been thwarted by the ever-changing nature of language itself: Those who have been persuaded to think well of my design, require that it should fix our language, and put a stop to those alterations which time and chance have hitherto been suffered to make in it without opposition. With this consequence I will confess that I flattered myself for a while; but now begin to fear that I have indulged expectation which neither reason nor experience can justify. When we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, or clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and affectation. Ultimately Johnson concluded that his early aspirations reflected the dreams of a poet doomed at last to wake a lexicographer. But of course Samuel Johnson was more than a dictionary maker; he was, as Burchfield noted, a writer and editor of the first rank. Among his other notable works are a travel book, A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland; an eight-volume edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare; the fable Rasselas (written in a week to help pay his mothers medical expenses); The Lives of the English Poets; and hundreds of essays and poems. Nonetheless, Johnsons Dictionary stands as an enduring achievement. More than any other dictionary, Hitching says, it abounds with stories, arcane information, home truths, snippets of trivia, and lost myths. It is, in short, a treasure house. Fortunately, we can now visit this treasure house online. Graduate student Brandi Besalke has begun uploading a searchable version of the first edition of Johnsons Dictionary at johnsonsdictionaryonline.com. Also, the sixth edition (1785) is available in a variety of formats at the Internet Archive. To learn more about Samuel Johnson and his Dictionary, pick up a copy of Defining the World: The Extraordinary Story of Dr. Johnsons Dictionary by Henry Hitchings (Picador, 2006). Other books of interest include Jonathon Greens Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made (Henry Holt, 1996); The Making of Johnsons Dictionary, 1746-1773 by Allen Reddick (Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Samuel Johnson: A Life by David Nokes (Henry Holt, 2009).

Mood Disorders Their Influence And Portrayal Of Art

Mood Disorders: Their Influence and Portrayal in Art Charles Frankel said, â€Å"Anxiety is the essential condition of intellectual and artistic creation and everything that is finest in human history†. There is some evidence to support this idea that anxiety and other mood disorders are essential to many forms of art. In this article I will examine how mood disorders influence art, as well as give multiple examples of how mood disorders are portrayed in the following art forms: paintings, literature, and music. Before we can broach the topic of art and mood disorders, we need to have a good basis of what mood disorders are. Mood disorders are defined as â€Å"a perpetual and significant disturbance in a person’s emotional state or mood† (Lane, 2013). There are two main types of mood disorders: depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. Depressive disorders are characterized by frequent and persistent depressive states. Bipolar disorders, on the other hand, are characterized by fluctuations between both depressive and manic episodes, or lows and highs. I am also going to include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in our mood disorder category because there are many diagnoses of depression and anxiety that show extensive comorbidity, or in more simple terms, there is a high chance that someone who has anxiety will also have depression and vice versa (Mineka, 1998, p.382). Now that we know what mood disorders are we can look at their relationship with art and creativity. There haveShow MoreRelatedAnxiety And Other Mood Disorders1460 Words   |  6 Pagesanxiety and other mood disorders are essential to many forms of art. In this article I will examine how mood disorders influence art, as well as give multiple examples of how mood disorders are portrayed in the following art forms: paintings, literature, and music. Before we can broach the topic of art and mood disorders we need to have a good basis of what mood disorders are. Mood disorders are defined as â€Å"a perpetual and significant disturbance in a person’s emotional state or mood† (Lane, 2013).Read MoreEssay on Edgar Allen Poes Fall of House of Usher1733 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder affects many people today as well as in the time of Edgar Allen Poe when it was then called melancholia. Poe was diagnosed with this disorder and it plays an integral role in his story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† (1839). This story is heavily influenced by this disorder or its presently associated symptoms and also describes one way that bipolar disorder can genetically affect an entire family. To fully understand a story involving this disorder, it is cardinal to know theRead MoreThe Fall of the House of Usher: Imagery and Parallelism1652 Words   |  7 Pagestakes to her bed and falls into a catatonic state. He helps to bury her and put her away in a vault, but when she reappears he flees. Before she was buried she roamed around the house quietly not noticing anything, completely overcome by her mental disorder. Roderick Usher appears to be an educated man. He comes from a wealthy family and owns a huge library. According to the narrator, he had once been an attractive man and the character of his face had been at all times remarkable (Poe, 126)Read MoreLiterature : A Talk For Teachers By James Baldwin, Mr. Holland s Opus By Stephen Herek2337 Words   |  10 Pagesvolume. The three dimensional work of art has depth, height and width. In Hoffman s non literary work, it is the base of sculpture. It refers to use of the darkness and lightness in the artwork. Line: The curves and lines mark of span of the distance among two points. In Hoffman s work it pertains to use of several marks, implied lines and outlines. It has direction, length and width. It is sometimes also known as strokes. 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Whether through the news, television shows, or film, the media acts as a huge database for knowledge and instruction. It is both an auditory and visual database that can press images and ideas into peoples minds. Even if the individual has no prior exposure or knowledge to something, the media can project into peoples minds and leave a lastingRead MoreThe Medias Influence on Health Essay2760 Words   |  12 Pagescultures), creates an endless and accessible flow of information. What we know about the world beyond out immediate surroundings comes to us via the media (Yates 1999). The technology of electronic media and the art of advertising have combined to create very powerful tools of influence. These tools are capable of shaping the attitudes, values and behaviors of large numbers of people (Walsh.) By identifying and examining the various forms of health information contai ned in the media, problems ariseRead MoreThe Theme of Julius Caesar Essay2961 Words   |  12 Pagesplays have different themes like love, ambition, pride, friendship, supernatural, etc. His language is rich and full of imagery. Many of his famous quotes are used even till today such as To be, or not to be and O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?-Romeo and Juliet, form some of literatures most celebrated lines. Other famous Shakespeare quotes such as I ll not budge an inch, We have seen better days ,A dish fit for the gods –Julius Caesar and the expressionRead More The Medias influence on health Essay2695 Words   |  11 Pagescultures), creates an endless and accessible flow of information. â€Å"What we know about the world beyond out immediate surroundings comes to us via the media (Yates 1999).† The technology of electronic media and the art of advertising have combined to create very powerful tools of influence. These tools are capable of shaping the attitudes, values and behaviors of large numbers of people (Walsh.) By identifying and examining the various forms of health information contained in the media, problems ariseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Angelica Kauffman Painted Prolifically And The Odyssey Essay2354 Words   |  10 Pagesand Laquer’s work on the subject of â€Å"capitalizing on female sexuality as disorder† by medical men/practitioners during the 19th century. The authors offer that this obsession with women’s sexuality began as a means of capitalizing on it in medical practice but ended with physicians falling into their own hype: From one perspective, woman is a creature absolutely receptive, hence infinitely susceptible to any man’s influence; the corresponding representation of man is of a creature absolutely sexual

I Disagree With Kenneth Waltz’S Positionthat Nuclear...

I disagree with Kenneth Waltz’s position that nuclear proliferation makes the world a safer place, and how best to measure the spread of nuclear weapons, particularly in regimes that are developing, unstable, or â€Å"third-world.†1 While some scholars see nuclear weapons as a threat to stability and peace due to their mass destruction capability and the potential for horrific fallout triggered by ethnic and geopolitical instability, others see those weapons as holding the power to maintain an appropriate balance of power between opposing regimes at times of tension and during periods of low level conflict. This debate is reflected in international relations. Waltz argues that nuclear weapons keep the world secure, as states would not take the†¦show more content†¦As for second-strike deterrence, Waltz states that there are two necessities: survival of a first attack and the ability to inflict sufficient damage. Without absolute certainty of destruction of the opposition’s arsenal, a country would be less likely to attack. Because of uncertainty about the size of another country’s arsenal size, nations would not take the risk of retaliation; â€Å"Even the largest states recoil from taking adventurous steps if the price of failure is the possible loss of a city or two†1. The problem I see with this position is that nations may sometimes benefit from spotting â€Å"signatures† that are carelessly sent to enemy intelligence agencies which may inadvertently reveal secret information about the size and location of otherwise â€Å"hidden† military forces. For example, Pakistani road construction crew s inadvertently signaled the location of secret M-11 missiles by placing wide-radius roads at Sargodha Missile Base . The failure of the Soviet military to keep its 1962 missile deployment in Cuba secret was similarly caused by construction crew routines that produced â€Å"signatures† which highlighted the location of the missiles. The â€Å"Star of David† pattern of air defense missile battery placements and â€Å"slash marks† on missile pads gave away the Cuban secret to the Americans. Regarding the accidental use of nuclear weapons, Waltz dismisses this

The Effects Of Mental Illness On The United States

The United States is a frontrunner in global topics such as women’s rights and environmental issues. However, when discussing mental illness the United States chooses to look at the subject in a mindset that is stuck in the 1950’s using the â€Å"don’t ask don’t tell† policy. The federal government has only begun to recently talk about mental illness and its effects in the media. Yet, when they do this they choose to cover topics such as ‘gun rights’ with mental illness, while the real topic of conversation is the future treatment for those with mental illness, and how the United States plans on eliminating the stigma that surrounds mental health. To understand the effect of mental illness in the United States you have to examine the past and see how certain issues were resolved. In the 19th century the first known global mental health activist was Dorothea Dix. Her work helped to bring awareness to the topic of mental health and allowed treatment in this field to become more well known. During this time she visited a jail in Massachusetts where she saw that criminals, mentally ill individuals, and people with developmental disabilities were living in unsanitary conditions together. Dorothea’s work helped people to open up their original thoughts and beliefs about mental illness being an actual illness and not being treated as a disease. Today many nonprofit and advocacy groups have limited resources and human capital in the area of research and awareness campaignsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Stigma Surrounding Mental Illness1658 Words   |  7 PagesMental illness is a controversial topic in recent news. From Sand y Hook to the Aurora movie theatre shooting, the effects of mental illness have sparked fierce debate and negative stigma surrounding the issue. 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Today, over half of the world’s population lives in urban environments, and this figure is expected to increase anywhere from ten to twenty percent in the next few decades (United Nations). Europe and the Americas are the most highly urbanized places, but countries in all parts of the world are urbanizing at increasing rates (United Nations). The rise of peopleRead MoreLack Of Treatment For Mental Illness1523 Words   |  7 PagesWorld Health Association defines ‘good’ health as: â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† However, in the United States, access to care and fundin g for mental health care are grossly neglected and underfunded in comparison to other aspects of health care. At the individual level, lack of proper treatment for poor mental health and mental illness has a detrimental effect. 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Are we able to grasp how it effects an individual, and how it arises to begin with? â€Å"A mental illness can be defined as a health condition that changes a persons thinking, feelings, or behavior (or all three) and that causes the person distress and difficulty in functioning† (Defining Mental Illness, 1970). Likewise, with numerous illnesses, mental illness is extreme at times and subdued

Incident Reporting for Commercial Vessels

Question: Discuss about the Incident Reporting for Commercial Vessels. Answer: Introduction The marine system is recognised as the heart of all transportation methods in Australia. It is one of the highest prioritised mode of material transportation for Australia, besides being a major communicative medium with the other parts of the world. Ocean Drover had been crowned as the pride of Australian marine vessel system until the 9th October 2014, when it had to witness a devastating fire. The fire not only damaged the vessel physically, however, it had ruined it economically as well. This report has tried to analyse the factors that contributed in the fire mishap and aimed at recommending them the appropriate maintenance procedure. Vessel Details Vessel Ocean Drover is an Australian livestock carrier that was built in 2002. It is presently sailing under the flag of the Marshall Islands. It has also been commissioned in 2002 and considered as the worlds largest purpose-built livestock carrier since then. Vessel Ocean Drover has been constructed with advanced ventilation and 168 metres of length. This vessel is 31.1 metres in breadth with the capability of transporting 75,000 sheep or 18,000 cattle at a time (marinetraffic.com, 2016). Vessel Ocean Drover had 9 decks with a tonnage of gross 29812 tonnes. It had celebrated the proud 100th voyage already in June 2010. With a livestock area of 24,000 square metres, Vessel Ocean Drover had visited the major markets of the world, such as Jordan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Russia, Mexico, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, New Zealand, Turkey, China, Kuwait and many others. Vessel Ocean Drover has been reported with a carriage capacity of 1500 tonnes food and 2,740,000 litres of fresh water (wellard.com.au, 2016). This royal vessel is capable of producing 600 tonnes fresh water per day through 4 reverse osmosis desalination plants. With an amount of 45 crew, Ocean Drover can accelerate its speed up to 20 knots. Accident As stated by Teo and Ling (2006, p.1586), with all sorts of modern facilities and technological advancements, Vessel Ocean Drover also could not avoid a major accident. The accident that ruined many things of this vessel has been caused by a largely spread fire. It was a sunny cold morning of 9th October 2014, when Ocean Drover witnessed a devastating fire across the crew accommodation. The fire extended widely and no sooner spread across both the accommodation decks. The entire crew of the vessel along with the shore emergency response teams had to be engaged in fighting the situation for rest of the day. The situation arrived under control after a long battle that took more than a half day (Lu and Tsai, 2010, p.2003). However, in the words of Aksorn and Hadikusumo (2008, p.718), the situation was not very optimistic at all even after extinguishing the fire. The fire took around the later part of the evening to be extinguished completely, when the navigation bridge of the vessel had been found damaged extensively. Most of the accommodation areas of the vessel had been observed damaged and burnt badly. Not the materialistic damages only, the fire incident at Ocean Drover caused severe injuries to four of the crew members of the ship as well. All of them were taken to the hospital henceforth. According to Amalberti (2001, p.119), this accident was a real curse for Ocean Drover, as it had damaged all their transportation plans and projects throughout the year. It had influenced negatively on the yearly revenue structure for the vessel. Ocean Drover took around months of time to recover all their damages. Cause of the accident Ocean Drover had to undergo an extensive load of post-fire repairs before being enabled again for successful sailing. However, ATSB (Australian Transport Safety Bureau) had to find the causes of the accident before let the management start the recovery method. As opined by Arocena et al. (2008, p.1372), ATSB operated an extensive enquiry for Ocean Drover to understand the issues of an accident more realistically. It was aimed at finding the loopholes and ensuring the future security for the vessel. As per their investigation report, the initial stage of the fire started at Ocean Drover on that particular day from the centrally located forward cabin. This part of the vessel used to be located on the upper deck. This was the positive sign of the investigation report by ATSB, which helped the management of the vessel to locate the actual place of danger along with identifying the possible reasons behind the accident. The report succeeded to find the place of ignition and suggested the m anagement to review the entire technical system of that part. The exact point of ignition, as investigated by ATSB, indicates at the failure of the boiler control. They had also mentioned the failure of the pneumatic and electronic controllers to be the reason behind the boiler control massacare. In the words of Basso et al. (2004, p.228), the fallacy in the boiler control indulged the fire to streche widely on the vessel. Several opinions are there, beside the investigation report of ATSB, most of which had targeted the fallacy of boiler control as the major reason behind the fire. The crews of the vessel also acknowledged it and agreed that there could be issues in the boiler controller. They could not even deny the responsibility of the pneumatic and electronic controllers in the ignition incident. The fire was discovered allowing fumes and smokes all across the vessel through the way of boiler controller. This incident had proved this part of the vessel as the major culprit behind the accident. This part of the report has been trusted more than any other theories available. However, there is an additional logic derived from the investigation report of ATSB. This part of the ATSB investigation report indicates at the failure of marine control system in the vessel. It had reported the fallacy of bridge deck stairwell of Ocean Clover during the time of accident. According to their report, this part of the deck helped the fire to spread across the vessel through the deck door. According to Bottani, Monica and Vignali (2009, p.157), the unlocked fire door causes the fire to engulf both the upper parts and the decks of the vessel. Brief Description of the Control System Which Failed As stated by Conchie and Donald (2006, p.1156), the failure of the boiler control system at Ocean Drover indulged the fire to spread more. There was massive dysfunctions at the boiler control system, which led a devastating fire. However, the post-investigation reports described the Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers of the vessel as more responsible for the ignition, as it contributed in the damage of boiler controlling system as well. It is acknowledged by most of the ATSB investigation reports as well. In most of the cases, the commercial vessels in Australia are found to be witnessing major accidents caused due to the failure in a control system. AMSA (Australian Marine Safety Authority) has ensured the safety of the vessels along with all the other commercial ships sailed in Australia largely. It insists all the commercial vessels and ships within the territory of Australia notify them for any sort of help within four hours of the accident. It also encourages the sailors to ke ep in contact with them and ask for help whenever any threat is noticed (Refer to appendix 1 for figure). The possible factors of the fire incident at Ocean Drover, as measured by the ATSB, left the management completely astonished. They never imagined that there could be a fault at their Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers or same as for the boiler controller. It was one of the most prioritised engineering designs of this particular vessel. However, in the words of Fernandez-Muniz et al. (2009, p.988), the most confident parts of a marine construction are often found with major loopholes at the end. Besides, they could not develop any prior communication with AMSA before the given time. The whole incident left the crew members of the vessel so surprised that they could not even take any position to make proper and needful decisions. The helps from the local marine authorities also came to them after a long while, when severe damages had already occurred. Cause of Failure of the Control System Several reasons have been reported for the investigation of ATSB behind the fire incident at Ocean Drover on 9th October 2014. The boiler controller issue in relation with the fallacy of Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers had been found at the top of the suspected list. The ignition has been caused due to the fuming boiler, as reported by ATSB. However, the reason of such occurrence was solely dependent on the control system. There were some dysfunctions at the Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers, which engineers had described as the reason behind the fallacy in the boiler system. As monitored by Elliott et al. (2008, p.139), the control systems of the boiler as well as the Pneumatic and Electronic Controllers had not been checked properly before sailing, which has contributed again to the fire incident. These are the major responsibilities of the vessel crews along with the engineers, which they are supposed to follow always to activate the control system properly. Hale et al. (2010, p.1029) stated that there are other factors too, which had increased the risk of fire at Ocean Drover. Most of the crew members responded lately to the fire alarms, which had caused unwanted waste of time to combat the fire collectively. A repeated single-person entries have been noticed in the caution area, which might have triggered the possibility of ignition in the vessel. A lack of training on extinguishing process and lethargy in communicating AMSA had also caused an unwanted delay for the accident to be overcome (Jiang et al. 2010, p.1471). Conclusion The role of a marine vessel is always recognised as high priority in the context of Australian transportation system. Thus, working with it is subjected to risk issues. Being a chief engineer of a vessel and that too of a prioritised one like Ocean Drover must be considered with proper care. The role of a chief engineer in a vessel is mostly comprised with both the safety and convenience of transportation issues. A chief engineer at Ocean Drover is always reliable to the safety measures of the crews and the logistics they carry to the other parts of the world. Several issues have been raised from the investigation report of ATSB, which might have contributed to the fire incident at Ocean Drover. It is a prior responsibility of a chief engineer to follow and analyse all the issues categorically in order to be able to recommend safety measurements for the vessel. A chief engineer is always recommended to take care of all the mechanisms and control systems of the vessel. It also ensures the safety of the vessels along with the human lives associated to it. Hence, they always need to test them properly before sailing and ensure the controller Algorithms along with the controller Tuning to be with their finest health. The alternative evacuation area must be examined properly and the evacuation map is suggested to be pasted on the walls of all major areas of the deck. Chief engineers are always recommended to be attentive about the transfer functions and enable the programmable logic controller with the fullest controlling ability. Above anything, ensuring safe sailing is the most prioritised responsibility of a chief engineer in a vessel. Reference List: Aksorn, T. and Hadikusumo, B. H. W. (2008). Critical success factors influencing safety program performance in Thai construction projects. Safety Science, 46(4), pp.709-727. Amalberti, R. (2001). The paradoxes of almost totally safe transportation systems. Safety science, 37(2), pp.109-126. Arocena, P., Nunez, I., and Villanueva, M. (2008). The impact of prevention measures and organisational factors on occupational injuries. Safety Science, 46(9), pp.1369-1384. Basso, B., Carpegna, C., Dibitonto, C., Gaido, G., Robotto, A., and Zonato, C. (2004). Reviewing the safety management system by incident investigation and performance indicators. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 17(3), pp.225-231. Bottani, E., Monica, L. and Vignali, G., (2009). Safety management systems: Performance differences between adopters and non-adopters. Safety Science, 47(2), pp.155-162. Conchie, S.M. and Donald, I.J., (2006). The role of distrust in offshore safety performance. Risk Analysis, 26(5), 1151-1159. Elliott, M. R., Kleindorfer, P. R., DuBois, J. J., Wang, Y., and Rosenthal, I. (2008). Linking OII and RMP data: does everyday safety prevent catastrophic loss?. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 10(1-2), pp.130-146. Fernndez-Muniz, B., Montes-Pen, J. M., and Vzquez-Ords, C. J. (2009). Relation between occupational safety management and firm performance.Safety science, 47(7), pp.980-991. Hale, A. R., Guldenmund, F. W., Van Loenhout, P. L. C. H., and Oh, J. I. H. (2010). Evaluating safety management and culture interventions to improve safety: Effective intervention strategies. Safety Science, 48(8), pp.1026-1035. Jiang, L., Yu, G., Li, Y., and Li, F. (2010). Perceived colleagues safety knowledge/behavior and safety performance: Safety climate as a moderator in a multilevel study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), pp.1468-1476. Lu, C. S., and Tsai, C. L. (2010). The effect of safety climate on seafarers safety behaviors in container shipping. Accident Analysis and Prevention,42(6), pp.1999-2006. Teo, E. A. L., and Ling, F. Y. Y. (2006). Developing a model to measure the effectiveness of safety management systems of construction sites. Building and Environment, 41(11), pp.1584-1592. MV Ocean Drover (2016, July 27). Retrieved from https://www.wellard.com.au/home/shipping/shipping-fleet/mv-ocean-drover.html Ocean Drover (2016, July 27). Retrieved from https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/538006122

Blood Sweat free essay sample

Blood, Sweat A ; Shearss: A Closer Look At Sweatshops Essay, Research Paper Blood, Sweat, and Shearss: A Closer Look at Sweatshops How can you state if the merchandise you are about to buy was made by a kid, by adolescent misss forced to work until midnight seven yearss a hebdomad, or in a sweatshop by workers paid 9? an hr? The sad fact is # 8230 ; You can non. The companies do non desire you to cognize, so they hide their production behind locked mill Gatess, barbed wire and armed guards. Many multinationals refuse to let go of to the American people even the list and references of the mills they use around the universe to do the goods we purchase. The corporations say we have no right to this information. Even the President of the United States could non happen out where these companies manufacture their goods. Yet, to shop with our scruples, it is our right to cognize in which states and mills, under what human rights conditions, and at what wages the merchandises we purchase are made. This paper will be a behind the scenes look at what truly happens behind the closed door of sweatshops. The footings # 8220 ; sweatshop # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; sudating # 8221 ; were foremost used in the nineteenth century to depict a subcontracting system where the jobbers earned their net income from the border between the sum they received from a contract and the sum they paid workers. This border was # 8220 ; sweated # 8221 ; from the workers because they received minimum rewards for inordinate hours worked under insanitary conditions ( Mason, 33 ) . This construct of sudating comes alive once more in today # 8217 ; s garment industry which is best described as a pyramid where big-name retail merchants and brand-name makers contract with run uping stores, who in bend hire garment workers to do the finished merchandise. Retailers and makers at the top of the pyramid order how much workers earn in rewards by commanding the contract monetary value given to the contractor. With these monetary values worsening each twelvemonth by every bit much as 25 % , contractors are forced to # 8220 ; perspiration # 8221 ; a net income from garment workers by working them long hours at low rewards ( Mason, 34 ) . The U.S. General Accounting Office has developed a working definition of a sweatshop as # 8220 ; an employer that violates more than one federal or province labour, industrial prep, occupational safety and wellness, workers # 8217 ; compensation, or industry registration. # 8221 ; More loosely, a sweatshop is a workplace where workers are capable to utmost development, including the absence of a life pay or benefits, hapless working conditions and arbitrary subject ( Department of Labor, 2 ) . Despite hard-won Torahs for lower limit pay, overtime wage, and occupational safety and wellness ( and even authorities and industry pledges to crackdown ) sweatshops are platitude in the U.S. garment industry and are distributing quickly throughout developing states. In the U.S. , garment workers typically toil 60 hours a hebdomad in forepart of their machines, frequently without minimal pay or overtime wage. In fact, the Department of Labor estimations that more than half of the state # 8217 ; s 22,000 run uping stores violate minimal pay and overtime Torahs. Many of these workers labour in unsafe conditions including out of use fire issues, insanitary bathrooms, and hapless airing. Government surveys uncover that 75 % of U.S. garment stores violate safety and wellness Torahs. In add-on, workers normally face verbal and physical maltreatment and are intimidated from talking out, fearing occupation loss or exile ( Department of Labor, 2 ) . The Department of Labor defines a work topographic point as a sweatshop if it violates two or more of the most basic labour Torahs including kid labour, lower limit pay, overtime and fire safety Torahs ( Department of Labor, 3 ) . For many, the word sweatshop conjures up images of dirty, cramped, bend of the century New York tenements where immigrant adult females worked as dressmakers. High-rise tenement sweatshops still do be, but, today, even big, brilliantly illuminated mills can be the sites of rampant labour maltreatments. Sweatshop workers report atrocious on the job conditions including sub-minimum rewards, no benefits, non-payment of rewards, forced overtime, sexual torment, verbal maltreatment, bodily penalty, and illegal fires. Children can frequently be found working in sweatshops alternatively of traveling to school. Sweatshop operators are ill-famed for avoiding giving pregnancy leave by firing pregnant adult females and coercing adult females workers to take birth cont rol or to abort their gestations ( Taylor, 52 ) . Sweatshop operators can outdo control a pool of workers that are nescient of their rights as workers. Therefore, foremans frequently refuse to engage nonionized workers and intimidate or fire any worker suspected of talking with brotherhood representatives or seeking to form her fellow workers. In the garment industry, the typical sweatshop worker is a adult female ( 90 % of all sweatshop workers are adult females ) . She is immature and, frequently, losing the opportunity for an instruction because she must work long hours to back up a household. In America, she is frequently a recent or undocumented immigrant. She is about ever non-union and normally incognizant that, even if she is in this state illicitly, she still has rights as a worker ( Taylor, 66 ) . In December of 1998, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights celebrated its fiftieth Anniversary. The authoritiess of the universe have pledged to honour the basic rights we are all born with. Unfortunately for excessively many people these promises have no significance. Hundreds of 1000000s of people are robbed of their basic human rights merely because of racial or economic position. Every individual has basic human rights such as adequate to eat, equality of chance, an instruction, freedom from force, and a support. Other human rights include clean H2O, a safe environment, wellness attention, a place, and say in our hereafters ( Mason, 88 ) . The ill-famed sweatshops of the age of Big Business ( the tardily 19th and early twentieth centuries ) virtually disappeared after World War II because of increased authorities ordinance of monopolies and the rise of trade brotherhoods. Sweatshops began to re-emerge once more, nevertheless, during the 1980 # 8217 ; s and 1990 # 8217 ; s because of economic globalisation. Today # 8217 ; s economic system is described as planetary because promotions in engineering have made it possible for big corporations that were one time confined to a specific geographic location to go big # 8220 ; multi-nationals # 8221 ; ( Mason, 77 ) . The popularity of the # 8220 ; free # 8221 ; market following the autumn of Communism and a rise in anti-union sentiment, coupled with authorities plans ( like NAFTA and GATT ) designed to promote free trade, have hastened the globalisation procedure. Large corporations are now free to seek out low-wage oasiss: destitute states where corporations benefit from oppressive dictatorial governments that actively suppress workers # 8217 ; freedoms of address and association. Even in North America, where the North American Free Trade Agreement is supposed to implement a minimal criterion for workers # 8217 ; rights, corporations concentrate in maquiladoras, # 8220 ; free trade zones # 8221 ; that were created by NAFTA, where the workers # 8217 ; rights commissariats of the Agreement merely do non use ( Co-op America ) . Corporations have been flying states with comparatively comfortable economic systems and stable, democracies in droves non merely to take advantage of inexpensive labour, but to get away authorities examination and unfavorable judgment from human rights and workers # 8217 ; rights organisations. Guess? Clothing Co. , for illustration, has ever produced the bulk of its goods in the U.S. but threatened to travel 75 % of this fabrication to Mexico last twelvemonth in response to Department of Labor commendations and extremely publicised human-centered runs about Guess? California contract sweatshops ( Department of Labor, 4 ) . There are likely sweatshops in every state in the universe # 8211 ; anyplace where there is a pool of desperate, exploitable workers. Logically, the poorer a state is the more exploitable its people are. Labor misdemeanors are, hence, particularly widespread in 3rd wor ld states. Nike has been criticized for unethical labour patterns in its Chinese, Vietnamese and Indonesian shoe mills, and Haitian garment mills. Non-profit groups have documented the labour misdemeanors of retail merchants like Philips-Van Heusen and the Gap in mills throughout Latin America. As mentioned above, nevertheless, developing states are non the lone 1s with sweatshops. Guess? Clothing Corporation, for illustration, has been cited legion times by the Department of Labor for the usage of contract sweatshops in California ( Department of Labor, 5 ) . Many of the companies straight running sweatshops are little and don # 8217 ; Ts have much name acknowledgment. However, virtually every retail merchant in the U.S. has ties to sweatshops. The U.S. is the biggest market for the garment industry and 5 corporations control about all the garment gross revenues in this state. These include Wal-Mart, JC Penney, Sears, The May Company ( owns and operates Lord A ; Taylor, Hecht # 8217 ; s, Filene # 8217 ; s and others ) and Federated Department Stores ( owns and operates Bloomingdale # 8217 ; s, Macy # 8217 ; s, Burdine # 8217 ; s, Stern # 8217 ; s and others ) . The Department of Labor has cited several industry leaders for labour maltreatments. Of these Guess? Clothing Co. is one of the worst wrongdoers # 8211 ; Guess was suspended indefinitely from the Department of Labor # 8217 ; s list of # 8220 ; good cats # 8221 ; because their contractors were cited for so many sweatshop misdemeanors ( Department of Labor, 4 ) . Other companies contract out their production to abroad makers whose labour rights misdemeanors have been exposed by U.S. and international human rights groups. These include Nike, Disney, Wal-Mart, Reebok, Liz Claiborne and Ralph Lauren. Harmonizing to the Department of Labor, over 50 % of U.S. garment mills are sweatshops. Many sweatshops are run in this state # 8217 ; s dress centres: California, New York, Dallas, Miami and Atlanta. Overseas, garment workers routinely make less than a life pay, working under highly oppressive conditions. Workers in Vietnam mean $ 0.12 per hr, and workers in Honduras mean $ 0.60 per hr. Sweatshops can be viewed as a merchandise of the planetary economic system. Fueled by an abundant supply of labour in the planetary market, capital mobility, and free trade, garment industry giants move from state to state seeking the lowest labour costs and the highest net income, working workers the universe over ( Department of Labor, 7 ) . It is frequently cost effectual to make concern in other states where there are non as many limitations and ordinances to protect the environment. For illustration, the disposal of contaminated waste and pollution of incinerators ; the workers, their safety, wellness and good being ; and the sense of duty to the host states and their people. Corporate duty is a subject environing the issue of sweatshops. With regard to corporate resettlement, the industries are lending to the prospective states economic systems ; nevertheless, they are taking advantage of the deficiency of ordinance and without turn toing the long-run effects of the future economic and environmental concerns to the hurt of these states. It is true at the same clip that economic development of these states will lend to the universe economic system and uplifting economic systems and populations will ensue in more stable planetary markets. Large corporations about ever use contract-manufacturing houses to bring forth their goods. In this manner, corporations separate themselves from the production of their ain goods and attempt to claim that the working conditions under which their goods are produced are non their duty. In fact, it is the corporations that dictate the conditions of their workers. Corporations squeeze their contractors into paying sub-minimum rewards. Large retail merchants and retail ironss force per unit area contract makers by declining to pay more that a reduced monetary value for fabricating orders. They besides demand that their fabrication contractors guarantee them a net income by purchasing back unsold ware at the terminal of each season. Manufacturers deal with this fiscal squeezing non by cutting their ain net incomes, but by cutting workers # 8217 ; rewards and benefits, and by compromising workers # 8217 ; physical safety. Many corporations besides refuse to contract to brotherhood stores. So, even if a contractor does desire to pay their workers a sensible pay and let them their freedom of association, he/she will likely be run out of concern. In the terminal, it is the workers who pay for corporate greed. Unfortunately the Department of Labor does non hold adequate forces to inspect every workplace for labour misdemeanors. The Department of Labor merely requires companies to hold an internal monitoring policy, as opposed to an external monitoring policy where site reviews and ratings would be unheralded and conducted by impartial parties. With internal monitoring there is no manner to cognize whether companies are stating the truth about the conditions in their ain mills. Many companies, like Nike, pay private accounting houses to come into their mills and measure the on the job conditions as # 8220 ; independent # 8221 ; proctors. Even when companies are caught go againsting workers # 8217 ; rights, the penalty is frequently nominal. Fines that may look hefty to us are undistinguished to companies harvesting multi-million dollar net incomes ( Co-op America, 6 ) . The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 officially prohibits sweatshops. However, because of understaffing at the Department of Labor and corporations # 8217 ; schemes for distancing themselves from the production of their goods by undertaking production out to many different makers, enforcement is slack. Earlier this twelvemonth Stop Sweatshops Bills were introduced in Congress that would amend the Fair Labor Standards Act to keep companies responsible for the labour misdemeanors of their contractors ( Department of Labor, 6 ) . Corporations set up sweatshops in the name of # 8220 ; competition # 8221 ; . In world these corporations are non facing net income loses or bankruptcy, merely excessively small net income! During this century, workers existent rewards have gone down while CEO # 8217 ; s wages have skyrocketed. In 1965 the norm CEO made 44 times the mean mill worker. Today, the mean CEO makes 212 times the wage of the mean worker. Corporations have skewed precedences. Many are seting disbursals like CEO wages and advertisement costs before the well being of their workers. For illustration, Haitian workers run uping kids # 8217 ; s pajamas for Disney would hold to labor full-time for 14.5 old ages to gain what Michael Eisner makes in one hr! Here # 8217 ; s another astonishing statistic: Nike could pay all its single workers plenty to feed and dress themselves and their households if it would merely give 1 % of its advertisement budget to workers # 8217 ; wages each twelvemonth! Corporations falsely claim that they are victims of the planetary economic system when, in fact, corporations help make and keep this system ( Femininists Against Sweatshops, 5 ) . It would be really easy to assail the job by working the issue and conveying it to the attending of the populace in a derogative mode. By raising the issue and educating people about the world of sweatshops, as the issue enters their consciousness and they realize how it effects their every twenty-four hours lives, a motion can get down to be made. Co-op America. The March to End Sweatshops. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sweatshops.org, 2000. Department of Labor. No Sweat # 8211 ; Help End Sweatshop Conditions for American Workers. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dol.gov/dol/esa/public/nosweat/nosweat.htm, 2001. Feminists Against Sweatshops. Frequently Asked Questions About Sweatshops and Women Workers. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.feminist.org/other/sweatfaq.html, 2000. Mason, Ryan H. Sweatshops in the Twentieth Century. Dame Publications, San Francisco, 1992. Taylor, Johnathan P. A Global Look at Sweatshops. Burns and Rogers, New York, 1997.