First Impression Essay

It was a weary afternoon of Sunday; everyone was in full used of their energy. As I sat on the terrace of my classmate’s house, the warm breeze of the air tapped my body that was getting weaker moment by moment due to the nervousness that I felt whenever I remembered that sooner I will see him in front of my face. He was a friend of mine but I never had a chance to see him since we got in touch with each other through exchanging of messages. Cellphone is the means of our communication. One of my best friends says that he doesn’t looks well. So, I never expected a lot. Then the time came, as his nephew introduced us to each other I was stunned not because of his beauty but because of the fact that my best friends was right. Should I avoid him because of his appearance? Yes, he was not good at all but should that matter be considered after all that we’ve gone through? First Impression, what is it? As far as I know, it is the effect of a certain thing produced in th e mind. For an instance, you saw an IPhone 4s you thought it was beautiful but when you used it you were so disappointed because it was fake. In addition, it is your first reaction when you meet somebody or when you encounter a certain situation. Does first impression lasts? Yes, when a person doesn’t have the chance to examine if his/her impression was right. No, if he/she has a chance to be with that person he/she could easily determine if his/her impression was right. Yes, it requires time. It’s not just like a snap of a finger or a blink of an eye again it needs time nothing but time. First Impression could lead people to become judgmental. â€Å"Don’t judge the book by its cover†, a famous saying that everyone knows. We must not judge people by their outside appearance. We MUST and we SHOULD NOT do it. We need to discover them first. You don’t have the right to give a negative impression for a certain person unless you are ready to hear what’s yours. It’s just like looking in an optical illusion image, when you look on it you saw a certain picture but when you try to look on it once again there is an another image occurring. Remember also, â€Å"The beauty is useless but the character is the best†. Yes, he might not looks good on the outside but searches his heart; search the inner part of him. It is much important than the appearance because it makes a person beautiful in their own little ways. Consider a gorgeous individual whose attitude was opposite of his appearance well, it will ruin his image. Let us adapt God’s attitude and standard,†Panlabas na anyo ang tinitignan ng tao ngunit puso ang tinitingnan ko†. After weighing the pros and cons I decided to be with his side as long God allows me to do such an act. I would not stick to my first impression for him instead I will throw it away out of my mind. For me, he is handsome in his own little ways. Goodbye to you â€Å"my first impression†.

Managerial Economics and Globalization Essay

Abstract This paper will describe the details of a fictitious business and will assess the current environmental scan factors while determining the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. Thirdly, this paper will evaluate the financial performance of the company using the information provided in the scenario; consider all key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term. Also, a recommendation as to how the company can improve its profitability and develop a brief plan to implement the recommendations. Lastly, this paper will assess the circumstances in which the company should discontinue operations while providing a set of reasonable rationales. 1. Briefly describe the details of the fictitious business that you created for this assignment. The fictitious business in this assignment is named TopShop, which is an American multinational retailer with its main headquarters in New York. It is a high end fashion brand that specializes in fashion clothing, shoes, make-up and accessories. Currently, TopShop has 150 workers for its factory in New Jersey, and has hired a consultant to offer some advice that could help it make a decision as to whether it should shut down completely or continue operations. In addition, TopShop has 100 workers that produce 6,000 units of output per month (working 20 days / month). The daily wage (per worker) is $70, and the price of the firm’s output is $32. The cost of other variable inputs is $2,000 per day. The firm’s fixed cost is â€Å"high enough† so that the firm’s total costs exceed its total revenue. The marginal cost of the last unit is $30. 2. Assess the current environmental scan factors. Determine the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. The environmental scan factor refers to the macro environment and is the activity of acquiring information about events and relationships in a company’s outside environment, the knowledge of which would assist top management in its task charting the company’s future course of action. (Aguilar,1967). Comparably, finance, marketing, and operations will have the greater impact on plant operations and management’s decisions in determining if the operation continues its business. First, finance is responsible for acquiring financial resources at favorable prices and allocating those resources throughout the business, as well as budgeting, analyzing, investment proposals, and providing funds for operations. Secondly, marketing aims to analyze and determine consumer demands in the future, then selling and promoting its products and services. Thirdly, operations are responsible for production of goods and customer services in business. In addition, the production of goods or services supply could transform inputs into outputs (Michaels, 2011). Inputs such as capital, labor, and information are used to create goods or a service. That is why companies take measurements at various points in the transformation process and then compares them with previously established standards to determine whether corrective action is needed. In other words, the three factors; finance, marketing and operation can work in the study and interpretation of the political, economic, social and technological (PEST analysis) events and trends which influence a business, an industry or even a total market. In summary, they have the greatest impact on plant operation and management’s decision. 3. Evaluate the financial performance of the company using the information provided in the scenario. Consider all the key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term. Be sure to show the calculations that helped you reach your conclusions. Topshop’s financial performance is in trouble. A decision was made to hire Mr. Blake Lively as a managing consultant to offer suggestions to improve Topshop’s financial performance. Based on the data given, Blake considered the following key drivers of performance and the financial analysis. The details are following: 100 employees produce 6,000 units in a month. The price is $32 The total revenue per day = 6,000*$32 = $192,000 Daily wage per employee = $70 Total wage in one month = 20days * 100 employees * $70 = $140,000 Total variable cost = variable inputs + total wage in one month = $2,000*20days+ $140,000 = $180,000 per month. AVC=TVC/Q=$180,000/6,000=$30 per unit Net income=Total Revenue-TVC=192,000-180,000=$12,000 Based on the analysis of data, Topshop could continue its operations in short term because the $32 price is more than AVC $30, and the revenue received per month is $12,000. However, in the long term, Topshop should seriously consider the option of shutting down completely. The main reason being that the firm’s fixed cost is high enough so that its total costs exceed its total revenue, and the price must be less than AVC. Under this situation, the firm has no other recourse but to close its operation. 4. Recommend how the company can improve its profitability. Then, develop a brief plan to implement the recommendations. Every business can improve its profitability by aiming to increase profitability, reduce costs, consider the price, and expand the market. Buy more effectively One of the most obvious routes to increasing the profitability is to buy more effectively. It makes sense to review a supplier base regularly and to determine if a firm can buy the same raw materials more cheaply or efficiently. However, it must be ensured that the cheaper raw materials will not reduce quality of product and service (He, et al., 2007). Manage your costs Close management of the costs can drive firm’s profitability. Most businesses are capable of fining some forms of waste to reduce, however it is important to be mindful and not cut costs at the expense of the quality of products and services. Pricing considerations It is a good idea to regularly examine the pricing. Changes in the marketplace may help increase the price without risking sales. However, it is essential to test any price increases before they are made permanent. Expand your market Moving into new market areas can transform a business and if handled correctly, can significantly increase the profitability. However, bear in mind that developing new products and services and selling in new markets can be risky – and mistakes can prove very costly. 5. Assess the circumstances in which the company should discontinue operations. Provide a rationale with your response. To qualify for presentation as a discontinued operation, all of the following conditions must be met: 1. The operations and cash flows of the component have been or will be eliminated from the ongoing operations of the entity as a result of the disposal transaction and 2. The entity will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the component after the disposal transaction 3. A description of the facts and circumstances leading to the expected disposal, the expected manner and timing of the disposal and the carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities included as part of the disposal group (if not reflected separately on the face of the statement). 4. The gain or loss recognized and, if not separately presented on the income statement, the caption in that statement in which the gain is included. 5. If applicable, the amount of revenue and pretax profit or loss reported in discontinued operations. 6. If applicable, the segment in which the long-lived asset or disposal group is reported. References Aguilar, F. J. (1967). Scanning the Business Environment. New York, NY: McMillan. Michaels, R. J. (2011). Transactions and Strategies. 1st Edition. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. He, Y. Q., Chan, L. K. & Wu, M. L. (2007). Balancing productivity and consumer satisfaction for profitability: Statistical and fuzzy regression analysis Original Research Article. European Journal of Operational Research, 176(1), 252-263 Drake, M., Gerde, V., & Wasieleski, D. (2011). Socially responsible modeling: a stakeholder approach to the implementation of ethical modeling in operations research. OR Spectrum, 33(1), 1-26. doi:10.1007/s00291-009-0172-9

National Reformation

The following paper will develop the theory that Dali and O’Keefe manipulated illusion of the real world in such a way to evoke visionary incoherence of the dream life.   Under this theory the paper will present several works by each artist and analyze these pieces to further illustrate surrealism and its use of expressing real events in a fantastical manner, as Janson states of surrealists, â€Å"They defined their aim as pure psychic automatism†¦intended to express†¦the true process of thought†¦free from the exercise of reason and from any aesthetic or moral purpose† (Janson â€Å"The History of Art† 807).Salvador Dali.In Dali’s oil on canvas The Persistence of Memory (1913) the theme of paranoia is persistent in this dreamscape.   The distortion of the piece exudes a frightening use of spatial mobility and form.   Surrealism is a way in which the expression of fantasy can be forthcoming in the world of Art.   Dali exemplifies this notion in his use of foreground and background shapes and the pure psychic automatism which is symbolized in the clocks.  Ã‚   Dali’s focus in this work is mainly about freedom;   although the context of this work is based on paranoia and the weightiness of time the work is also free from previous constraints of other artistic movements in that it is not a painting dedicated to reason or moral purpose.Dali’s painting is that of a dream and reason becomes a series of disjointed objects in space; there is no rhyme in his work unless it is free verse; that is to say that there is no structure as prior to surrealism the viewer is used to seeing structure.   Dali’s work often reflect what Virginia Woolf was so diligently experimenting with, which is unconscious writing or free narrative.   Dali painted as though the conscious mind was sleeping, and that is why his paintings are so often reminiscent of dreams as Janson states, â€Å"The notion that adream ca n be transposed by ‘automatiatic handwriting; directly from the unconscious mind to the canvas, bypassing the conscious awareness of the artist, did not work in practice.   Some degree of control was unavoidable.   Nevertheless, Surrealism stimulated several novel techniques for soliciting and exploiting chance effects† (Janson â€Å"The History of Art 807) .   Even the central figure in The Persistence of Memory is portrayed as though it were sleeping.The unfinished background is almost anachronistic with the foreground as it exhibits a cliff sliding off into a body of water.   It seems as though Dali made the background on purpose to confuse the viewer since dreams are intended to be symbolic of personal meaning.   The sky in the background also seems incomplete with no visible clouds but merely a color palette that drifts off into a sfumato haze.   The background however is not what Dali wanted the viewer to be stricken with as a first impression.The cent ral figure of the painting is unfinished as well.   Dali painted an eyeball, and a nose and made no more attention to the rest of the figure.   This feeling of incompleteness is unnerving and truly embodies the emotional state and perception of dreaming.   The painting is purely inspired by that part of Dali’s unconscious mind.   Although the painting exhibits that Dali used controlled in certain aspects of the work such as the use of diagonals, and linear shapes, but the overall impression of the painting lies within the angles, the objects and the general ambience of the piece.   The clocks themselves prove to be unnerving both their positions and their lack of solid form, as though they are oozing across the plane in the foreground and the limb near the horizon of the painting, as well as across the half finished face.Another artistic ploy that Dali uses in The Persistence of Memory is his use of shadow; not merely darkness but the chiaroscuro so prevalent in the piece.   This furthers the theory of this paper that Dali uses surrealism to tap into the unconscious and the dream world.   Dali does the opposite in this painting of previous artists; he places the darkness in the foreground of the painting and the brightness in the background.This is symbolic because Dali wants to evoke to the audience that in the dream world the objects that are in front of the dreamer’s face are not always tangible but looming and undefined.   In the background the objects are illuminated but this illumination does not add in defining the object because Dali here uses space to further illustrate his unconscious perspective; the objects in the background are too far away and cannot be seen.   Thus, each part of the painting is uncomfortably defined.   It is almost nonsensical; these objects of Dali’s in space without a coherent theme except for these persistence clocks.The clocks are the main meaning and focus of the painting and it is t hrough these objects that the theory of this paper rests.   The clocks present the theme of paranoia (as mentioned prior). Not only are they draped over the main objects in the foreground but their rendering is disconcerting.   Each clock offers a different time, and one clock is closed so that the viewer cannot decipher its time.It is interesting that Dali did not distort the closed clock; it signifies a secret and further exemplifies the state of the dream world present in this painting; that is, the one clock that could offer a valid time is closed and unable to be seen by the painter, or the audience.   The contention in the painting is that the central figure of the face is sleeping and is thus oblivious to the clocks, to time, to the unfinished landscape.   That is the quintessential meaning of a dream; the sleeping figure is unaware to symbolism, to action, to time, and that is how Dali exudes incoherence in the dream world.O’Keefe O’Keefe’s organ ic abstraction is what lends itself to the New Objectivity era of art as well as the thesis of this paper in the unconscious mind and dream images.   Her fantastical style was also tinted with expressionism and realism; which made her work that much more enticing.   This dichotomy of O’Keefe (realism and abstraction) ties in with the subconscious and dreamscape.   O’Keefe’s genius came with her incorporation of the abstract to the simpler approach of the object.   O’Keefe’s abstract works were very progressive, as Janson states, â€Å"†¦she practiced a form of organic abstraction indebted to Expressionism, but she also adopted the Precisionism of Charles Demuth, so that she is sometimes considered an abstract artist.   Her work often combined aspects of both approaches: as she assimilated a subject into her imagination, she would alter and simplify it to convey a personal meaning† (Janson â€Å"The History of Art† 817). Although her work exhibited quite a range of composition, and her objects were used in their real life definition their application in her paintings were representational of the dreamscape.   From objects such as rocks, flowers to skulls O’Keefe gave the art world a dichotomy of abstract and realism art.   Within the succinct contour of these objects O’Keefe embraced a range of colours; it is with these colors that the formation of the dreamscape begins to take shape.   In her Red Tree Yellow Sky piece the viewer is assailed by two brilliant and vibrant colours each in representation of the surrealist’s color palate.   The disharmony of colours is what transforms these otherwise banal portraits into the dreamscape and surrealist category.   The realism involved in these works is that the landscape in the southwest is directly correlated with O’Keefe’s representation of it but it is in her further emphasis of these colors, in their brillia ncy the viewer finds an unfamiliar painting that perhaps would best be defined in the nature of the unconscious.O’Keefe was very deliberate in her painting style; she seldom left her structure to chance (as Dali had and as Pollock had).   Although O’Keefe is famous for her renditions of flowers or vaginas it is her earlier charcoal drawings and especially her skulls that portray a slightly more lucid ambiance to her work.   Even in her plethora of flower portraits the grand scale of these blossoms leaves the imagination reeling.   Their color and their scale in dimension lead the viewer into a different interpretation of the natural world.   It is as though the viewer is given a chance to be Alice in Wonderland and to get a close up look at the intricate layers of a flower which does happen in real life (at least to the scale that O’Keefe represented).   In her presentation of the geometric form, her use of line, and her flat planes all lead to definin g O’Keefe as an abstract artist.As an abstract artist the use of the illusion of the real world (in O’Keefe’s case, her flower and skull pieces)   evokes in the audience a definite dreamscape.   This is proven by her presentation of proportion of an object.   Her Ram's Head, White Hollyhocks-Hills is a great example of this use of dimension.   The ram’s head is suspended in air with no body structure (real or skeletal) on which the skull could be supported; next to this picture is a hollyhock.   Although these two images when placed side by side as O’Keefe has done are not by any means disproportionate or grand in scale that fact that their surrounding environment is a background of a desert landscape suggests that these two objects are at once an integral part of this landscape but they are suspended beyond it’s realm as well.   This is how O’Keefe manages to portray the illusion of dream in her paintings.Another example of O’Keefe’s abstract art is Ranchos Church.   This painting is pure line, shading and geometric renditions.   There is no focus on a primary object (although the lines and shapes do appear to form a church) but instead the artist is working in the abstract form which is enhanced by the artist’s definition of shape.   O’Keefe does not reveal a definite structure in the painting and the only way to decipher what the painting is, is by reading the title.   This echoes what Dali was doing in his works; both artists give very vague definitions of their subjects and merely allow the viewer to surmise for themselves what the object is truly.The element that occurs continuously in O’Keefe’s work is that of the stark landscape.   Whenever O’Keefe renders the desert she paints a very stark portrait; albeit the desert is a very blanched atmospheric world, O’Keefe’s use of making it extremely stark is what further defines abstraction and the dream in her work.   These stark landscapes are devoid of life; the skulls, the sun baked clay and houses with no people are eerie in their rendering but this contrasted with the full and lush flowers is what marks dichotomy in Georgia O’Keefe.   Dreams are often times dichotomized, both in perspective and the realm between the unconscious and conscious mind.O’Keefe also represents the abstract dream world in her use of angles. Often times her subject matter is represented in full perspective, such as the skulls facing forward, the flowers are viewed in a direction that emphasizes their center and the landscape is typically level.   Each of these variables however lead to a false sense of reality since O’Keefe in typical New Objectivity style uses these angles to benefit her own sense of reality outside of the realm of linear thought, and time.   The skulls are blanched and suspended the flowers next to this picture of death are full of life (i.e. the   Ram's Head, White Hollyhocks-Hills).   It is within these several juxtapositions that O’Keefe embellishes in the dichotomy of life and death, dream and reality, color and the absence of color.ConclusionBoth of these artists work in the realm of the in between; their work is abstract in nature and each though representational of separate subject matter are linked in that their use of the illusion lends to the viewer a new perspective.   For both Dali and O’Keefe this illusion is necessary in the artwork because it enables the typical concepts of time and space to become secondary to symbolism.   The symbolism for Dali was in the clocks; how time makes a person paranoid but how this paranoia cannot be reflected as angst in an unconscious person.   O’Keefe gave her audience another perspective, a much grander in scale perspective of flowers.   These flowers viewed at this angle and up close allow the viewer to feel very close to the artwork and this personal feeling lends itself to the viewer in a voyeuristic fashion.   It is as though the viewer was invading the flower and this is what brings O’Keefe the quality of the abstract, of the illusion in dream.In the forms of every day objects in unfamiliar surroundings or placed in those surroundings in a less than familiar way (i.e. suspended) these artists give illusion in the real world and present this vision as a dream which is what I felt when I saw them.   The artworks become manipulated not only through the artists’ use of space by through the viewer’s interpretation of these objects and their strategic placement in the work which is the worth of the painting.   The reason they belong in a museum is because of their new inventions of perception:   for Dali the invention of dreamscape and the disintegration of it and for O’Keefe for her close up of nature.When asked if these art works influence Western Society the answer w ould be yes, in a Jungian way at least since both deal with the abstract or surreal elements of the psyche.   Since the pieces adhere to this element it is appropriate to say that their influence, although not a strong influence, has contributed to the progression of art in the Western world as is found with the avant-guarde work which is being created in modernity.When I asked another patron whether or not these works had influence on Western Society they answered no, because how could one painting so greatly influence an era of thought, and they doubted that new perception in art could create an entire new process of creation.   They did however believe the pieces should be in a museum because of the reputation of the artists but not necessarily for the artwork.   When I asked them how it made them feel they said they weren’t sure but perhaps they felt somewhat sad when they viewed the work because the colors and angles were so unfamiliar it was like being exposed too quickly to something too new and that left them out of touch with their base of knowledge which made them uncomfortable.Work CitedJanson, H.W. & Anthony F. Janson.   History of Art.   Fifth Edition Revised.   PrenticeHall, Inc., and Harry Abrams, Inc., Publishers.   New York.   1997. National Reformation A popular theme among developing nations is the modernization of the economic, social, and political forums. Countries are now looking to democracy to put themselves in a competitive position in the world market. Central Asia, which consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikista, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, is continuing to show their strength and growth as they strive to demonstrate their independence and self-reliability separate from Russia. Kazakhstan has adopted democracy and has demonstrated how it has been a symbolism for growth, competitiveness, and success.In the last decade, after the fall of the Soviet Union, Central Asian countries have established an active presence in the international economy. Kazakhstan has represented a leading figure in Central Asia through modernization, reform, and democracy. As the fight against terrorism, development of democratic nations, and economic stability continues to parallel success and prosperous nations, the United States wants to be an â€Å"engine for change† in Central Asia.Since Kazakhstan gained its independence from Russia in 1991, it has made significant progress to prove its national purpose as a leader and innovator for the Central Asian region. Although President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan is a former Soviet leader who inherited Kazakhstan, he has been successful leading the country by socially, economically, and politically reforming the country.   â€Å"Kazakhstan’s economy is continuing its robust expansion, over the past six years, the gross domestic product has shown growth of just fewer than 10 percent in the first half of 2006.†( Kazakh 2)   Kazakhstan attributes this growth to its energy and large oil sector, gas, and mineral services.The country has introduced new concepts that other countries are now adopting due to its proven success like privatization reforms in the banking and mortgage industries and education reforms. Kazakhstan has been able sustain itsel f as a growing nation but it still relies heavily on Russia’s pipeline network for exporting much of its oil and natural gas. If the country is able to produce 3 million barrels per day, Kazakhstan will put itself as one of the worlds top 10 oil producing nations in the world.Kazakhstan has outlined a strategy for long-term domestic political stability and consolidation of their society. One of the top goals, which is, â€Å"to guarantee developing our own uniform civic motivation based on equality of opportunities for all the citizens of our country,† represents Kazakhstan strong belief in change for their country.The United States has shown its support to Central Asia; to countries like Georgia and Kazakhstan’s in their mutual goals to transform the state into a democratic nation. This transformation will be beneficial to the United States because it will bridge the lines of communication, by allowing for greater flexibility in areas dealing with oil, gas, and energy.With the help from the United States, President Nazarbayev has shared a vision of expansion and opportunities that extend beyond the boarders of Kazakhstan. Central Asian countries share the same vision of stability, prosperity, and democratic reform. As the people realize the growth potential of their country it has been a relatively easy battle for the government to conform the people to change. The reforms of the pension program, expansion of educational opportunities, reforms in the banking industry, all of these changes have and will continuously improve the livelihood of the citizens of the country.In a joint statement by the United States and Kazakhstan, â€Å"We will expand our joint activities to ensure the development of energy resources, while supporting economic diversification and reform, market principles, and the development of small and medium size enterprises. We recognize that peaceful democratization invests citizens in the future of their nation. Develop ing democratic institutions is therefore the crucial condition of long-term stability.† (Joint 1).Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan’s President has performed exceedingly well as the leader by implementing social, political, and economic reforms. It is completely evident that his goal is to provide economic stability in his country while being an example for Russia and other neighboring countries. GDP has risen, poverty is down, privatization reforms, and democracy on the horizon. Kazakhstan has broaden its export of oil and energy potential to countries like China and the United States, â€Å"it also joined the U.S.-sponsored Bu-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline that breaks Russia’s long-standing monopoly on delivering Caspian Sea oil to world markets. (Hill 3) Money is power; Kazakhstan has put itself in a powerful financial position through its energy and oil sector. â€Å"The Growth Competitiveness Index Rankings report ranks Kazakhstan as the most competitive of the post- Soviet states.†The country’s oil wealth has sprung vast investment opportunities across Central Asia. With plans on becoming part of the group of 10 leading exporters within a decade, Kazakhstan will need to expand the development of the country’s energy infrastructure to meet growing oil shipments to world markets. Kazakhstan’s surging economy continues to maintain economic growth and stability. However, while oil continues to be the biggest economic engine for Kazakhstan as it exports 80% of its oil, any drop in oil production will pose the biggest threat to the Kazakhstan economy. Exports could represent slow demand for the international community when there is fluctuating prices, lack of investments, and disagreements among neighboring nations regarding regional affairs.Although Russia is no longer a leading nation in this region it still has a lot of influence on Kazakhstan due to the pipeline control.   Kazakhstan relies on Russia’s pipeline to export its oil. Kazakhstan has a substantial investment in Georgia in its oil and gas sector. Currently Georgia and Russia are experiencing confrontation due to the Russian military occupancy in Georgia, this is putting Kazakhstan in the middle.This confrontation could hurt Kazakhstan’s oil exports as well as its ties with Georgia and the United States. Kazakhstan’s accession to the Baku-Tbilis-Ceyhan pipline is a bilateral move away from a heavy reliance Russia’s pipeline.A Colored Revolution in Kazakhstan has been a concern that analyst have identified since its independence in 1991. Kazakhstan has a large Slavic Population in the northern and eastern steppe regions. The Slavic population wants to obtain dual citizenship with Russia and Kazakhstan, as well as an establishment of the Russian language as recognized second state language. It would be to the best interest of the Kazakhstan government to develop a cohesive national identity for both Russians an d Kazakh’s alike. Still Nazarbayev â€Å"designated Russian the language of inter-ethnic communication, and has ensured non-ethnic Kazakhs still occupy significant posts in the government.† (Hill 5) This is an important step for the country as it represents a social and cultural step toward democracy. â€Å"Every day public servants must have the awareness of the strategic goals and priorities, and settle them without wasting their time in meddling with minor, daily chores.† (Prosperity)Kazakhstan has implemented an excellent idea to improve the education and skill of its young people to secure strength and profitability in the future. They have adopted an education reform that will send the brightest and best students from all over the country to study abroad. The students are then brought back home and placed in the Kazakhstan government, thereby diversifying the production of ideas that will be able to combat world issues. â€Å"In addition, Kazakhstan under Nazarbayev has not just sent its young people to study abroad, but has also launched a global quest for ideas on reform and modernization, as well as trying to learn from its own past mistakes.† (Hill 4)As the relationship between the United States and Kazakhstan grows the ideas and progress that they produce together becomes an example for other Central Asian countries.Kazakhstan is an active player in the fight against international terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It even â€Å"rid itself of the weapons in cooperation with the Unites States under the Nunn-Lugar program.† (Central 1). They’ve sealed nuclear testing tunnels, transported enriched uranium to the United States, and have become a proud member in the fight against terrorism. It has even vowed to help Afghanistan in its fight against terrorism and narcotics.The United States and Kazakhstan share a similar vision to an end to terrorism and corruption. The United States h as enumerated its desire to assist financially, and to cooperate in matters regarding enhancement of regional security and economic improvements. The United States and Kazakhstan together plan to strengthen their relationship into a partnership through educate one another concerning national, regional, worldwide matters.Kazakhstan has shown great interest in the matters evolving around Iraq and Afghanistan. They are committed and determined to partner with the United States in the strengthening these countries. Kazakhstan has already committed over 800 of its military personnel to the cause and is prepared to enter strategic relationships with Middle Eastern countries to obtain peace for the region.There are many challenges that Kazakhstan faces regarding national security ranging â€Å"from terrorism to a significant narcotics problem, which is always accompanied with a lot of criminal activity and other threats to security.†( Abizaid 1) For this reason, Kazakhstan is workin g extensively with the United States to strengthen is defense capabilities on the Caspian Sea. They have vowed to strengthen and broaden their military capabilities in the fight against terrorism, drug trafficking, illegal proliferation of weapons, etc. The United States defense officials have been speaking with Kazakhstan officials on ways to strengthen military ties between the U.S. and Kazakhstan. This is an important and strategic move for Kazakhstan leaders, they are a relatively new country and it is important to strengthen their defense capabilities to secure their future endeavors.They are placing security forces along the Caspian Sea Region as this region poses the biggest threat to the country. Their goal is to provide an organized, professional military force. Kazakhstan is also working very closely with the United States to expand their military presence in neighboring Afghanistan in an effort to strengthen its country.â€Å"That's why it is utterly indispensable to set up a system in which each and every ministry and department would organize its work in such a way that each day, month and year could bring us ever nearer to the objectives we've set.† (Prosperity). Kazakhstan has admitted that they could use advice and analyze the tendencies from other countries in their effort to rebuild and reform Kazakhstan.Kazakhstan has publicly made commitments to provide assistance to Afghanistan in their fight to counter narcotics. The Central Asian country has been building strong strategic relationships with its neighboring countries and other countries in the international community that share the same views. For example they have extended a promise to assist in the reconstruction of Afghanistan and Iraq.â€Å"We shall advance to strengthening of our relationships with Russia, China, Central Asian neighbors, Islamic states and Western countries.† (Prosperity) This relationship building efforts made by Kazakhstan represents their commitment to enhance regional security and economic integration by forming strategic partnerships within Central Asia. Kazakhstan has created strategic partnerships with countries like China, Kazakhstan understands that it is important to keep relations with these countries because they all still share common goals of sustainability, economic growth, and international terrorism.Kazakhstan has identified a system where strategic planning, strategic control, accountability and responsibility are its major objectives. Kazakhstan need for a government who views the world according to 21st century realities and who doesn’t apply 20th century problem-solving methods to 21st century problems will become evident as the country incorporates its long term goals. These goals of National Security, health, education, and welfare of it people, economic growth and political stability, and consolidation of society will all play an integral role Kazakhstan desire to maintain an image in the world as a regional power with economic stability. Kazakhstan has a bright future ahead, with all of the factors of production in place, and the right leadership and cooperation with the international community and particularly its regional neighbors, this country will be representative of a leader in the world economy.Works Citedâ€Å"Abizaid Visits Kazakhstan, Strengthens Military Ties.† Kazakhstan News Bulletin 4 August 2006.http://www.kazakhembus.com.htmlâ€Å"Central Asia Declares Itself a Nuclear Weapons Free Zone.† Kazakhstan News Bulletin11 September 2006.http://www.kazakhembus.com.htmlHill, Fiona. â€Å"Whither Kazakhstan?† The National Interest Jun. 2005http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/ni/ni_win0506/ni_win0506k.htmlâ€Å"Joint Statement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kazakhstan.† Kazakhstan News Bulletin 29 September 2006.http://www.kazakhembus.com.htmlâ€Å"Kazakh Economy Shows No Slowdown, Grows 9.3 Percent.† Kazakhstan News Bu lletin 18 August 2006.http://www.kazakhembus.com.htmlâ€Å"Kazakhstan Support Russia-US Initiative Against Nuclear Terrorism.† Kazakhstan News Bulletin 17 July 2006http://www.kazakhembus.com.htmlâ€Å"Nazarbayev Sworn in as Kazakhstan’s President for New Term, Stresses Democracy, Growth and Security.† Kazakhstan News Bulletin 13 January 2006.http://www.kazakhembus.com.htmlâ€Å"Prosperity, Security and Ever Growing Welfare of all the Kazakhstanis.† Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Indiahttp://www.kazind.com/strategy2030.html

Adidas Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Adidas Company - Assignment Example They possess strong control over their channel of distribution. Their customers have strong competence to promote the company’s development. The brand reputation and recognition are an added advantage that causes competitive nature of the other companies (Borowski, 2013). The strategy of pricing of the Adidas products makes the company more competitive. The Adidas Company is the second largest maker of athletic footwear and sports equipment worldwide. The company has revenues of E10, 381 million, which enable it not to ever run under debts. Its strong brand such as Adidas, Reebok, and Taylor Made are the portfolios (Borowski, 2013). They build the company’s leading market position. Leveraging is done on the brands to establish strong retail availability and get an increase in profits limits through the increment of retail sales as a percentage of sales in total. The company has successfully grown due to its own retail. It is currently operating over 2,200 stores for its brands worldwide. It is also operating its business using the e-commerce, which other companies have not discovered yet. It is successfully expanding the retail stores across the contents, which makes it more successful compared to other

Written Business Communication (Original Posting #2) Assignment

Written Business Communication (Original Posting #2) - Assignment Example ve and decode a written work and writer’s ability to address the needs and offer solutions or hope and strategies for obtaining solutions facilitate this motivator role. It is also important to visualize the audience because this helps to identify characteristics of the audience that can facilitate or hinder communication. A writer can then major on identified strengths and manage weaknesses for effective communication. Understanding individual aspects such as physiological, psychological, and cognitive factors is an example of visualization and help in planning approach to writing. The audience’s external environment such as effects of culture is another factor whose understanding empowers a writer’s communication potentials (Youssef, 2005). Applying an open approach to communication can facilitate visualization if a writer does not know the audience. Targeting a larger audience base in terms of age, gender, educational background, and work orientation is an example because it assumes a wider general knowledge of the audience and increases possibility of identifying with people’s needs or interests (Ghosh, 2012). Being sensitive is another way through which a writer can achieve audience visualization, without knowing the audience, because it only needs identification of the targeted population segment and the different traits towards effective communication can be

Lean Production Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lean Production - Term Paper Example minimal defects and variety of output with least input. The important aspect is ‘half ‘that symbolizes reduction by human power, investment, manufacturing and engineering hours (Black, pp. 6-15). It forms the systematic approach on cost reduction, quality, time management, delivery aspects, safety, and morale. It also models the ongoing customer pull and continuous flow of improvement. Gallus group also justified the lean production by eliminating 50% inefficiencies in their processes and saving on millions of Euros per year by a limited outlay. An important aspect of the lean philosophy is ‘Elimination of Waste’. It works on the excellent epitome of Zero’s i.e. zero waste. It features zeros in â€Å"defects, over production, waiting or lead-time, inventory, inappropriate processing, transportation movement† (Creative Class, pp. 25-29). The re –engineering not only implies in business process but also to people’s attitude, efficien cy, and input. The JIT (Just in Time) will eliminate the inventory holding cost by pull production of ‘zero’ strategy. The Toyota City is the best example of the just in time system that not only caters the main production but also its suppliers. The Japanese strategy of lean transplant was to bring an innovative approach to work practices such as work force, apparent skills and knowledge, quality management etc.

Economy of Germany Nowadays Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economy of Germany Nowadays - Assignment Example Germany is one such country whose economy was largely affected by the economic recession leading to inflations and a drop in currency value. The economy has since stabilized as it continues to invest in its economy. The value of the euro has since stabilized and the trend is approaching upward exponential growth. The current biggest hurdle facing the country is an ever-increasing rate of unemployment facing young youths who are joining the job market. This has been cited to arise from the high number of foreign labor infiltrating the market due to the competitive, lucrative industrial wage rate that attracts labor from all over the world to the disadvantage of its native labor force (Wall, 2010). Germany has since maintained its competitive labor market as compared to its neighboring states owing to a well-crafted wage rate with a competent and productive pool of labor. The economy of the country has been slowed down by post-German wars that incapacitated the state and brought down the economy to ground level as everything came to a halt. It took time for Germany to recover but even then, they could not restore their resources and degraded infrastructure to their previous state. Such setbacks are what impacted the economy. The other factor affecting the economy is the high rate of unemployment as earlier mentioned. The country has no setbacks absorb its labor force into developing the economy due to the increased growth rates and frequent infiltration of labor forces from the neighboring states.  

Motivation Techniques in Workforce Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Motivation Techniques in Workforce - Case Study Example Big Ray’s company is supposed to have good human resource policies (Bernanke 23). It gives fair treatment to all employees and has a no-layoff policy. It is recommended that the human resource managers be motivating their employees to be more productive by offering incentives. The incentives include a medical cover, gifts etc.   There is a need for Big Ray’s company to promote a team spirit where everyone in the organization is made to believe that they â€Å"are in this thing together† (Bernanke 25). This will apply to all managers and employees. Great things will be achieved when people work together.   Communication problems are supposed to be resolved in order to enhance loyalty. Lack of communication is interpreted by employees as not caring. Open and frequent communication with employees at Big Ray’s company will build trust and diminishes fear. Communication is important because employees will air their grievances and make suggestions. This is important at the Big Ray’s company because of the nature of the job. This should be maintained because it boosts the morale of workers.   Motivation is important in any work because it increases job performance (Bernanke 27). Employees who are motivated to work by being given bonuses increase their output than their counterparts who are not given bonuses, financial incentives etc.   Employees work well in an environment that is free of too much noise and health hazards. For example, the area where the materials at Big Ray’s company is handled, cut and processed is loud and dangerous. This is supposed to be reduced in order to compete with their competitors who offer good working conditions to their employees.

Elie Wiesel,Night (1958) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elie Wiesel,Night (1958) - Essay Example Religiously he tends to ask God why all these diversities befell him. Mentally, Ellie watched his father die and was separated from all the female members of his family. Upon looking at the mirror, Elie’s eyes revealed a person that was transformed into a broken person. From his inception at the camp he was a young, religious and loving boy, but when he left the camp he was totally broken. It is from this point that his view on the world had changed completely. In order to have an insight of how Elie’s views of the world changed, two significant aspects will be looked at, that is, religion and mental/emotional aspects. To start with Elie states that: â€Å"Never shall I forget the moments that murdered both my God and soul and turned all my dreams to dust (p.32).† This description of Elie regarding his religion is as a result of the difficulties he and the Jews faced in the camp. Elie’s faith undergoes a crisis because of how he watched his own father and others undergo a torturers death as well as the deplorable living conditions he was subjected to. It is at this point that Elie underwent a major change as he tried to reconcile all the difficulties he and others were facing together with the beliefs he had been taught about God. He does not deny God, but he chooses not to remain silence regarding why God left all these difficulties face them. Elie thus changes his perception that God is merciful and just and he comes to a conclusion that he will not just sit there and wait for his death. From the beginning of his experience, Elie was a religious person, but in this new world all the aspects and teaching of religion became meaningless for he had lost his faith. With regards to mental/emotional aspect, Elie also tends to change his view of the world considerably. He thought of the things that he would never do and the circumstances that have made him to be repulsive in this context. For instance, Elie states: â€Å"I gave him some of my

Hit and Run Sports and Lesiure Company Essay Example for Free

Hit and Run Sports and Lesiure Company Essay * The company provides wide range of sports and leisure facilities to members and non-members. The facilities include golf courses, football pitch, basketball court and swimming pool. Members have to book to use facilities and bill is charged to their account. * The leisure clubs shop provide to customers wide range of sports goods such as clothing, golf clubs and tennis racquets. For members there is 10 % discount. * The club provides qualified coaches for different sports that can be booked to give lessons to individuals or groups. The fee is charged for each lesson and the company receives half of the fee. Types of members Type of membership Description Individual They are any one of the ages from 16 to 60, who are not students, under corporate or affiliated team member. Student This membership is available to anyone over 16 and under 25 years of age who is in full time education. Senior For elderly people who are over the age of 60. Corporate For nominated employees from a company who has account with the leisure centre. Family This is available up to 2 adults and 4 children. Children who are under the age of 12 can only join the club as part of a family membership. Affiliated team Available to local sports teams. It allows them for priority bookings and discount rates for regular bookings. Functions of each department within the clubs The club shop The primary function of the shop is to sell sports equipment. However the sales assistants are also responsible for replenishing the stock on display from the stockroom. Also the shop can take bookings for the facilities. They hold all their stock items details and quantities on the database. When a member purchase an item, the item code is typed in and the description and the price is displayed on the screen. Also the members number is entered from their membership card. This allows them to identify the member and available discount is automatically calculated. The shop also allows members to pay through their account, cash, cheque or credit card. If credit card is used, the Sales assistant has to contact the credit card Company, usually by telephone, to check the credit availability. Receipt is issued when the sale is complete and the appropriate stock item quantities are decreased. The Sales manager is responsible for regulating the stock of all equipment. The sales manager has to make sure that the quantities are up to the required levels. If there is a shortage of any equipment, the database automatically produces a report. This operates at the end of each working day. The following day, the Sales manager telephones the appropriate equipment suppliers and orders the equipment required. The confirmed purchase orders are printed and sent by post. The shop also has specially printed carrier bags for customers purchases. The design of the bag changes every year however it always includes the Hit and Run name and logo. Every year the Sales and Marketing Director negotiates a new order for bags for all clubs. Administration The administration manager handles all applications for membership with the help of assistant. The administration assistants are responsible for all office procedures within a club. They produce and post out all correspondence from the club such as letters to members. They also produces invoices for goods and services. One of the administration assistants is responsible for updating the members details on database and also ordering membership cards. The summary of all membership transactions which include new members, bookings and membership renewals, is sent to Head office on a floppy disk. The floppy disk also contains information about financial summaries for shop sales, membership and booking fees and lastly a summary of all purchase orders raised. Administration assistant sends all the invoices received by suppliers on the goods received or service done, to head office. This is done at the end of each week. Head office then deals with the payment. Most important function of Administration department is keeping records of the hours worked by each member of the clubs staff along with any coaching fees received. The information is sent to the Human Resource department in head office. The human resource department deals with the information so that wages due can be calculated and paid. Reception Reception department deals with bookings. When a member books facilities, receptionist take member number on a booking login screen together with expiry date on the card. The members details are displayed on the screen. Receptionist asks for members address and name. When it is confirmed booking screen is displayed. The members number is copied onto the booking screen. Also code for facility, the date and the start time is required. The booking system then checks the availability of the facility and if it is the booking is confirmed. Then a booking card is produced containing the information to the member. Reception also deals with members checking in. The member provides the receptionist with the booking number. The details of the booking are displayed on the computer when the booking number is typed in on a check in screen. The receptionist checks and allocation of the facility is confirmed. Then another card is printed for the member. This confirms that the facility has been booked. Facilities maintenance The facilities manager deals with maintenance of all the buildings and facilities in the club. Outdoor facilities such as pitches and the golf course are maintained b a team of green keepers. A team of maintenance staff maintains the indoor facilities and the structure of the buildings. The facilities manager must schedule regular maintenance. This will reduce the chance of members disruption on using facilities and also to make efficient use of available staff. The manager also contacts contractors from outside the club for tasks such as the servicing or repair of mowers, rowing machines and other equipment. Once a month the manager contacts suppliers for cleaning materials. Coaching Qualified coaches provide lessons for each of sports. They provide this service to groups or individuals. They also supervise the use of club facilities. The head coach is responsible for ordering sports equipment needed such as tennis balls, shuttlecocks, nets or racquets. This is sent off to the suppliers by fax. Suppliers to the club and relationship between these suppliers and the department/individuals within the company * Sports equipment retailers They provide stocks for the shop in the clubs. The sales manager phones the suppliers when there are shortage of equipment. They also provide equipment for the coaching department. * Card Company They provide membership cards for the administration department. The administration assistant sends the details of the membership card. * Cleaning material suppliers They provide cleaning materials to the facilities maintenance department. The facilities manager places the order. * Maintenance equipment service The service is provided for repairing or servicing mowers, rowing machines and other equipment for facilities maintenance department. Facilities manager also places the order. * Carrier bag suppliers They provide carrier bags for the sport shop. The sales manager and marketing manager change the design every year. The supplier provides yearly allocation. * ICT service and suppliers The club uses ICT facilities. There are computer workstations at the main desk, in the sports shop, administration office and the General Mangers office. They need software, which hold data for all sports equipment in sports shop. Also for membership database and booking data. The ICT suppliers along with ICT department in head office supply this.

Keeping children safe in the virtual world

Keeping children safe in the virtual world I have chosen to do my essay on the challenges of keeping children safe in the virtual world. I will include the following in my essay -: the historical context of this topic, the possible challenges of keeping children safe in the virtual world such as grooming, cyber bullying and many more. Ways we can keep children safe in the virtual world; for example educating children, how to report online abuse and relating to theorist ideas on this theme. I also will talk about the current policies that are in place, why this issue is relevant and why these policies have been introduced. Then I will talk about how this can be put into practice and how this will make a difference on how people work. The first online child abuse images started in the mid 1990s. In 1998 the parliament passed the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, or COPPA which addressed online privacy and safety risks for children under age 13. COPPA need Web site companies need to take steps to avoid collecting personal information from children. In August 2003 the Internet Advisor for the National Child Helpline, joined members on our Your Childs Safety board to answer their questions about child safety online. In April 2006 the Government set up CEOP, the ChildHYPERLINK http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=encr=countryUK|countryGBrlz=1T4HPEB_en-GBGB319GB320tbs=ctr:countryUK|countryGB,tl:1q=child exploitationsa=Xei=IGsNTdrVJsyLhQeYy423Dgved=0CD4Q0AEwBA Exploitation and OnlineHYPERLINK http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=encr=countryUK|countryGBrlz=1T4HPEB_en-GBGB319GB320tbs=ctr:countryUK|countryGB,tl:1q=online protection centresa=Xei=IGsNTdrVJsyLhQeYy423Dgved=0CD8Q0AEwBA Protection Centre, to tackle abuse and educate parents and children about personal safety online. In September 2007, the Prime Minister asked Dr Tanya Byron to lead an independent review into child safety online and in video games, this documentation is called safer children in the digital world this was published in March 2008. In April 2008 the home office task force on child protection on the internet published a guidance note offering good practice recommendations for the providers of social networking sites. The aim of the guidance is to enhance the online safety of children and young people and was drawn up in consultation with websites, mobile phone operators, childrens charities and academics.Privacy Protection Act I will define the word risk this is to do with a child put themselves in danger and wanting to take risk to explore the world. Encarta defines risk as; chance of something going wrong: the danger that injury, damage, or loss will occur. Smith, C., Stainton-Rogers, W., and Tucker, S (2007) pg 220 state that Whereas other terms such as hazard, threat, and danger always carry a negative meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ risk taking is much more ambiguous: except that is, risk taking by the young. From this quote you can see that risk is part of everyday life and children need to experience this to develop knowledge and understanding of the dangers of online activities. Poor areas of society are more at risk of getting abused because of the lack of knowledge online. Bryon, T (2007) pg 22 states that Research highlights that children from more deprived backgrounds may be more at risk online because of a lack of confidence with new technology. From this we can interpret that it is very important t o teach children about this topic in schools, so that these disadvantaged children can get more understanding on the risks of web 2.0 such social networking sites. Children behaviour of risk taking online such as posting inappropriate images online, giving strangers personal information. The internet is a world wide web where millions of people use this resource for education purposes, to stay in contact with friends via social networking sites and for fun such as play games online. Some 99% of children aged 8-17 access the internet (Ofcom, 2008). You can assess the internet through mobile phones, computers and game consoles e.g. PSP, Nintendo wii, PS3 and the Xbox 360 all have WIFI on their systems which enable children to use the internet. There are three aspects of risk online which are as follows; content this is to do with inappropriate images on the internet such as pornography. Contact this is to do with seeing a child in the real world, whom you met via chat rooms or social networking sites. Conduct this is to do with uploading images on the internet that are not suitable for the virtual world or it could be bullying other people on the internet. Cyberbullying means online bullying. This type of bullying is hard to pick up than normal bullying because this type of bullying can be received anytime and anywhere via mobile phones or emails. Forms of Cyberbullying are grooming, abusing child online, briber the child and cybersex this is to do with the offender tries to persuade the child to talk about sex on the internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This type of bullying can lead children to be emotionally abused. Emotional abuse is when children need unconditional love and care. They are sensitive and can be harmed by constant taunting, threats or made to feel guilty leading to loss of self confidence and self esteem. The physical indicators are poor speech and stammering or stuttering. The behavioural indicator are attention seeking, telling lies, withdrawal, constantly needing attention also little or no self esteem. ELABORATE Ward and Siegert 2002 pathway model this is to do with sex offenders, offending on the internet to abuse children. In this model there are five pathways which are as follows intimacy deficits this is to do with the offender will abuse when lonely. Distorted sexual scripts this is to do with lack understanding from child about sexual abuse. Emotional dysregulation this is to do with not able to control feelings and behaviour. Multiple dysfunctional mechanisms ward Sorbello 2003 pg 17 state that reflect on history of sexual abuse or exposure to sexual material. Anti-social cognitions this is to do with the offender having attitudes and beliefs of abusing. Ward Sorbello, 2003 pg15 state that one primary mechanism will exert a primary causal influence, the others only exerting a harmful effect due to the driving force of the primary deficit This is saying that only one will take effect first then the rest will integrate during the process of abusing. Anonymity this is to do with children talking to people who they dont know via the internet dangers of this could be sexual abuse Adults such as paedophiles will use wrong age and pretend to be the same age as chose children they want to offend. CEOP (2007) suggest within the virtual world when vulnerable children with a poor sense of self and low self esteem are seduced and flattered by others who represent themselves falsely within the virtual world e.g. online predators pretending to be children. This process can lead to grooming a child for sexual pleasure. Sexual abuse is when an adult or at times an older child uses a child for sexual gratification this means forcing a child ton carry out sexual acts including sexual touching, oral sex and intercourse. The effects of sexual abuse is are long lasting and highly damaging. It can cause problems in adult personal relationships children who are abused this ways can become abusers themselves. The physical indicators are bites, under wear showing signs of blood stains, swelling out of the vagina or anus etc. The behavioural indicators are depression, poor concentration; a child may reveal signs while using anatomically dolls, sexually explicit language and eating or sleeping problems. This type of bullying can effect childrens confidence and lead to risks such as suicide threats and they may murder their selves for the repeated abuse online. Finkelhors four precondition model of paedophilia the four models are thinking about doing sex with a child they want to offend via online contact, making excuses this is linked to grooming the child, creating the opportunity by persuading the child to meet them in the real world and the final stage is doing sex with the child or sexually abuse the child when they meet them in reality. Victims targeted are mostly girls because the sex offenders are usually male so they are more likely to abuse girls not boys. There is a particular risk of grooming practices through popular online services such as instant messaging and social networking sites with strangers using them to make contact with under-age girls, sometimes by adopting a fake persona (CEOP, 2007). But also CEOP are creating a leaflet targeting teenager boys to inform them that they may be in danger of this too not only girls. Children try to hide what they are doing online from their parents, which concern the parent on what their child are doing and viewing online. Older children do two things at the same time such as doing homework and on social networking site. But when parents check on what their child are doing, they will pretend to be doing their homework. Bryon, T (2008) pg 46 states that Multi-tasking is common, with young people using chat functions whilst doing their homework and able to quickly shield this from parental view. The reasons behind this could be that the child wants their own personal space or independence without parents telling the risks. Some children may think that the parents will not understand the new technology. The other side of the spectrum can be the benefits of the virtual world for children they are having the opportunities for learning, for play, for Communication, for skill development, for creativity and for having fun. Benefits of the medium include: facilitating learning; communication; and civic participation (Bentivegna, 2002). This is important for the child because they will be able to communicate to people in the virtual world and they can do their homework on the internet for research and revision. You can keep children safe in the virtual world by teaching the children of the dangers of the virtual world and how to stay safe this can be done through teachers and parents. But parents will need to gain knowledge on this topic. Research shows that parents dont understand the risks very well. ADD QUOTES AND STATISTICS Understanding what online abuse is, if you think this may be bullying you should report this via CEOP is a company that was set up by the government in 2006 or IWF. Which are organisations that can help children whom are getting bullied in the virtual world and inappropriate content online and stop chose offenders from re offending other children who are on the social networking sites. . Providing support for the sex offender; organising schemes to try stop these people from abusing children online. An example of this could be circles of support accountability. This was created to help the offender whom experienced loneliness or who has low self esteem, so this may make them abuse children online for fun. Use of parental controls: to control the content that your child can use such as blocking pornography pictures. Keep computers in a central location such as living room, where you can observe what your child is doing online. Having computer in the childs room will create a greater risk for children being abused online. The offender will know that no one is around the child and he or she is alone, through the use of webcam. Providing rules for children on how to stay safe online such as do not give out personal information online to a person you dont know, this can be linked to the stranger danger scenario because if you saw a stranger you would not talk to them in reality. Always ask your children what they have been doing on the internet, this way they can tell you if there were any unwanted content on the computer while they were surfing the internet such as abuse. ADD REFERENCES This is a relevant issue because children and young people are very vulnerable in the virtual world. So it is our duty to protect children from harm this can be linked to the childrens act. Children Act 1989 is an act of parliament, which puts the benefit of children first, to care for children from harm and you, must work with parents at any time possible this act states that requirements of children are the most important Sexual Offences Act (2003) sets out a new legal framework to protect children from sexual abuse this covers internet pornography, grooming exploitation. This Act will put restrictions on convicted sex offenders. This policy has been introduced to give more support to police on how to convict offenders and also it promotes internet safety. This is a good policy because it will keep children safe online because the offenders have restriction on contact with children, so they cant abuse children on the internet. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 this is a worldwide agreement that relates to all children and young people under the age of 18 years. The children should be protected from harmful influences such as abuse. This has been introduced because they wanted to keep vulnerable children safe from harm and protect the child from abuse which can have a negative impact such as low self confidence or self esteem. ELABORATE Another policy is the communication act 2003 section 127 is to do with misusing public computer to send inappropriate messages. The act states that Anyone who sends a message or other matter that is grossly offensive or is of an indecent, obscene or menacing character (other than in the course of providing a programme service) by means of a public electronic communications network, or who causes such a message or matter to be sent, is guilty of an offence. This means that if an offender sends a child messages via the internet that are not appropriate for their age. If the offender is found guilty he/she can be given a prison sentence for no more than six months. Debate around protecting children (the protective or preventive state) On my brothers school website they have a side panel that says e safety; which gives advice on staying safe online. This can be used by both parents and children whom use the website to see how to keep their child safe online. The government are advising schools to include internet bullying on their bullying policies. REFERENCES In conclusion it is very important to protect children from the risks of the virtual world because it is easier to abuse a child online than in reality. Another factor is that it is harder to pick out a child who is being abused online without the child reporting this incident to organisation such as CEOP, IWF and many more that can help stop the offender. Critically evaluate the practice implications (in as far as this is possible) i.e. what difference will it make to the way you work? This is a theoretical essay that needs to focus on wide relevant reading and research whatever the focus. You can refer to relevant practical applications e.g. in school but back this up with reading as well. If you are referring to a personal experience you may frame it e.g.   A recent placement experience in a local primary school setting demonstrated the importance of including this subject at a number of levels to ensure the protection of children as recommended by Bloggs ( 2208:9) who states  Ã‚   written policies that have been negotiated with all interested stakeholders are fundamental to ensuring that these issues are given appropriate prominence in any education environment. This was expressed in a number of ways and  included Bibliography USE JOURNALS Byron, T (2007) safer children in a digital world: the report of the Bryon review. Department for children, schools and department for culture, media and sport, London Grabber, C and et al (2009) E-safety and web 2.0 for children aged 11-16. Goodman, A Kennison, P (2008) children as victims. Exeter: Learning matters Smith, C., Stainton-Rogers, W., and Tucker, S (2007: 220) Risk in Robb, M (ed) Youth in Context: Frameworks, Settings and encounters. London: Sage Publications and the Open University Press. T. Ward, D. R. Laws, S. M. Hudson Eds. (2003) Sexual deviance: Issues and controversies. London: Sage. Websites used www.CEOP.police.uk assessed on 10th December 2010 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/21/notes/division/5/2/1/96 assessed on 12th December 2010

Biogeography Essay Questions

Biogeography Essay Questions 8 Biogeography Essay Questions 1.) What is the science of biogeography? Biogeography is that study of geographical distribution of flora and fauna considering the different taxonomic levels, present and past, the habitats in which they are found together with the involved ecological relationships. Today, there are two theories in biogeography that have been developed to discuss more on the distribution of biological species in the world. The two of them are Distance-decay and Island biogeography theories. The distance-decay theory asserts that the correlation and similarity between species in any two geographical locations will continue decreasing as the distance between the two increases. The second biogeographical theory, island biogeography asserts that those pockets of life (islands) that are closely spaced will support more biological life/species. It is still this second theory that explains that these closely spaced islands are rarely threatened by extinction if compared to the tiny isolated islands of the world. The Geographic Information Systems Scientists say that the above two theories were developed in order for us to be able to fully understand the distribution of species but not the distribution or even movement of human beings. As it was developed, the science of biogeography was meant to answer so many questions that are varied. It was developed so that it can answer some of the questions like why are there so many kinds of animals and plants in the world. It seeks to answer why some of these animals and plants are rare while others are common. Some animals and plants are widely dispersed while others are confined to a limited place. The science of biogeography seeks to explain the reason as to why this is so. There are some parts of this world that are richer in terms of species compared to others. Its only by use of the study of biogeography that we can be in a position to understand this. There are several major types of biogeography distributions. They include; Endemic (restricted to specific locations), cosmopolitan (e.g.Caenorhabdities elegans and Drosophila melanogaster), and Disjunct (separated). The disjunct biogeographic distributions are believed to have been caused by Vicariance and dispersal. In biogeography, evidence that can be based on its history can be classified in terms of Paleontology and systematics. 1.) Describe the 5 observations upon which the science of biogeography is founded. Give TWO examples for each observation. a) Each and every species and other higher group animals are said to have a discrete and a non random distribution in time and space. A good example of this is the gorilla that is only found in two African forests. b) In different geographical regions of the world there is an assemblage of animals that are distinct and they coexist. A good example to explain this is the fauna that is found south of the desert of Sahara together with its monkeys, antelopes, pigs and this is totally different from the Australian fauna and its duck billed platypus, wombats and kangaroos. c) The differences and the similarities in these regions cannot be in any way be described in terms of the distance between them or even the area of origin. A good example is that the fauna of eastern Asia and Europe is to large extent similar although they are both separated by 11,500km of land. Also the fauna of New Guinea and Borneo are different though are separated by a small piece of land compared to the ones abov e which is across water and land. d) All those faunas that look different from those of today once previously occurred in all other geographical regions. An example is the dinosaurs which existed in most parts of the geographic locations in Cretaceous. e) The faunas which resemble the ones found today and their antecedents once occurred, but its sometimes at far distances from the current range. A good example is the subtropical-warm temperature fauna which is found in Eocene Wyoming. This includes fishes which are fresh-water, turtle groups and salamander which are restricted to southeastern parts of the United States. 1.) Discuss this statement: â€Å"The history of biogeography is essentially a continuing conflict between creation myth and empirical science.† Empirical science describes that the distribution of organisms in the whole world was as a result of continuous evolution of the past existing species. Science asserts that the present fauna and flora are as a result of evolution from past organisms which were not developed as they are today. On the other side of the creation myth, people and especially the Christians believe that the current population of plants and animals are a product of what God created long time ago. Some of the things that are explained in the bible are in total conflict with what science has provided a detailed account on. A good example is the Global Flood during the time of Noah. The Bible says that God instructed Noah who by then was 600 years old to construct an ark. Noah was then supposed to take two of every unclean animal and seven of every clean animal. All food and fresh water was then supposed to be in the ark. Noah and his family were to remain in the ark for six months until the flood waters subsi ded. This creation story in the book of genesis continues to explain that after the flood waters subsided, Noah, his family and the animals that were released then were the ones who later repopulated the earth. This is in total conflict with the empirical scientists who argue that today there is too much of genetic diversity in the world for us to be consistent that every animal that is land based descended from the few breeding pairs and this is just some few thousands years ago. According to empirical science, some of the species we have today in the planet will evolve locally. This thus means that they are immobile geographically according to scientists. The scientists will ask today how comes the Duckbill platypus ended up only in Australia and not anywhere else in the planet. Scientists still argue that Noah did not take any fish or coral in the ark. During the flood thus, all the fish would have become extinct and all the corals would have been swept away. Some of the corals according to the scientists even appear older than the given history of the floods. For scientists they believe that there is no way the short lived species could have survived the time they were in the ark. They say that the adult mayflies would have died in just a few days while the larvae of many mayflies will require shallow fresh and running water. Other similar insects and many of them would actually face the same problems. There is no way the scientists would believe that the human population could rebound in such a short period. Other controversies apart from the field of evolutionary biology can also be seen in cosmology, thermodynamics, paleontology, geology and nuclear physics. 1.) Describe the main contributions to biogeography of the people listed below. Alexander von Humbolt, Liebig, MacArthur and William. Alexander Von Humbolt: He was German naturalist who is normally referred to as the father of phytogeography. He was the one who felt that study on geographical distribution was an important scientific inquiry that could lead to the discovery of laws of nature that are fundamental. He was the one who did the explorations of South and Central America together with Aime Bonpland who was a French naturalist. These two travelled along the Orinoco and Amazon rivers as they explored the Andes and the present day parts of Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia. He managed to study vegetation and climatic conditions of Urals Mountains, Siberia and Caspian Sea. He was the one who invented the isobar and isotherm which are used today in description of climatic associations of plant communities. He had a passion for the beauty of nature. He had a good description of the physical environment together with the plant distribution that are widely used in biogeography. Liebig: He was born in Darmstadt, Germany. He went to Paris where was working in the laboratory of Joseph Gay-Lussac. His main interest was in chemistry. He did much in order to establish chemistry as a discipline. He started the first chemical periodical for scholars. He was the one who showed that studies like physiology, agriculture, and psychology are only intelligible if based on sound chemical principles. He was one of the contributors in discovery of isomerism (a condition where two different compounds may have the same chemical formula). He showed that organic compounds can actually be dealt with in a rational way. He once rejected the current humus theory. He showed his contrasting idea by describing that some plants will leave the soil richer in terms of carbon that they really found it. He visited England once and was not happy with the way they were setting out their sewage to the sea. He was of the opinion that they should use their sewage as a fertilizer. William: He collected vertebrates in many remote regions of Hispaniola between the years 1916 and 1923. He also did collections in other regions of the world like the famous Himalayas. To date, most his collections are still in Smithsonian. He is landscape ecologist and a biogeographer. He has made tremendous contributions in the understanding of landscapes and disturbances. His research in these fields has made tremendous influence on the field of biogeography and also the academic biogeographers. MacArthur: He came up with the MacArthur and Wilson equilibrium model on insular biogeography. This is a model that is used to provide a good foundation on the distribution of species on islands. Its also useful in explanation of the composition of insular biotas. Its because of his model that many analyses have been made on the distributions of mammals on insular habitats. 5) Describe the relationships among the following physical factors:pressure, physiography, ocean currents, latitude, temperature, light, precipitation, and wind Physiography is a description of the features and even phenomena of nature. Most of the physical features of the world cannot be well described unless we use other factors like temperature. Physiography stands for physical geography. What is in physical geography is all the physical features like the mountains, forests/vegetations among others. When we attempt to describer any climatic condition of a place or of a certain region, we use temperature, the level of rainfall/precipitation and the effects that winds may have on it. It therefore translates that we cannot describe most of the physical phenomena without using the other factors mentioned. They interdepend on each other for description of physical phenomena. Ocean currents depend on pressure. They usually move from where the pressure is low to where its high. Wind is said to be air in motion. Air can only be in mo0tion if one region has a high pressure compared to another. Air moves from high pressure centers to low pressure centers. This is wind. It therefore means that wind can only be thee if there is difference in pressure amounts in two regions. Ocean currents are usually associated with the precipitation. They usually make the nearby areas in the ocean to receive rainfall if they are usually accompanied by high temperatures. Areas of low latitude have high temperatures while high latitude areas are generally cool. Light intensity in certain ecosystems helps the growth of specific organisms. Physiography/physical geography cannot be fully described if light intensity is not going to be applied to describe some of the conditions in some places (physical phenomena). 1.) Give the Holdridge Bioclimate Classification of climate for the following places: Honolulu, Hawaii; Adelaide, Australia; Timbuktu, Mali; La Paz, Bolivia. Timbuktu (Mali) Class 35; according to Holdridge bioclimatic classification it is in a tropical dry forest. The climate is characterized by high temperatures all year. There is however a better developed dry season compared to the tropical rain forest. The soils are just like for the tropical rain forest. Most of the evergreen tree species become deciduous. Tree canopy is lower compared to tropical rain forest. Undergrowth is dense. There is lower species diversity. Trees have thicker back and small leaves. Roots are long and trees have thorns also. Larger mammals are more dominant Honolulu (Hawaii) Class 25; subtropical desert scrub with an annual climate of 24 degrees. Average temperature in a day is 29 degrees and the minimum is 21 degrees. Its humidity is moderated by its mid-ocean positioning. There is intense rainfall in the winter months though most of the winter days have warm bright sunshine. Rarely will temperatures go beyond 32 degrees. Adelaide (Australia) Class 30; subtropical rain forest Generally, rainfall is more than 1300mm. there are fertile eutrophic rocks. A multi layered canopy of between 10 and 60 species of trees. Most of these trees will exhibit buttressing w2hich is a feature that is common in rain forest areas. La Paz (Bolivia) Class 27; subtropical dry forest 2.) Define endemism. Give and explain five characteristics associated/correlated with areas of endemism. This is a situation where a plant or an animal taxon is said to be restricted in a geographical range or a particular region. Since the times of Darwin, it has been known that islands are the ones which are mostly rich in endemic species. Endemism will arise because of several mechanisms. The major one is the geographical isolation. In this geographic isolation, a small population that has a limited genetic diversity may be isolated. After several generations, the drift in genetics will lead to formation of a distinct species. A population that may arrive on a new island may fill different ecological niches. Other generations of natural selection may result in formation of distinct species. Again, a certain species that was widespread may suffer extinction. This island may now become a â€Å"refugia†. This describes the origin of the major species of Macaronesian endemic â€Å"laurels†. These are mostly found in the Mediterranean region. Latitude: species richness of most organisms in an endemic region increases form high temperature to low tropical latitudes. Lower latitudes have high levels of endemism. Species richness: The levels of species richness and those of endemism cannot be said to be infrequently correlated. Oceanic islands have high levels of endemism but will have low numbers of species. Unusual environmental conditions: Most endemic areas are known to have environmental conditions that are very different from other areas. There occurs independent evolution of the local adaptations. These will mostly enable the species to persist under the existing conditions. Isolation: Almost all areas of endemism are separated or isolated from others geographically. There are barriers to other areas such that even independent evolution is going to give rise to endemic taxa. Historical: In these areas there are usually changing abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. High levels of endemism may be associated with areas that have long-term ecoclimatic stability. This can even enable these populations to be able to survive global changes in climate conditions. 1.) Describe the three possible tectonic plate boundaries, give an example of each and explain the possible consequences of a convergent boundary. Divergent boundary: Its the soft boundary and its also called the spreading center. Two plates move away from each other and mid-ocean ridges will be formed. Magma from the mantle will move though a crack to the ocean and it then cols. This cooling causes the formation of oceanic crust on both sides of the vent. When the plates continue to move, more crust will be formed. The ocean basin then expands forming a ridge system. This crust formed causes the pushing of the plates on either side further. A good example of this kind of plate boundary is that of North America and Europe. Convergent boundary: Its also called a subduction zone. This is a plate margin where one plate will override the other. This forces the other into beneath its mantle. They are boundaries which are in the form of trench. Old oceanic crust will go into these systems as there is new crust formed when the centers are spreading. They are usually locations of strong earthquakes as the action of the plate that is going down interacts with the overriding one. It can also be as a result of volcanic activity. A good place to be associated with it is Japan. The plate that is going down the other will continue to become even hotter. This is because of its proximity to the mantle. The plate will thus melt to form magma. This magma will move upwards through the crust and volcanoes are formed. A good example is the Aleutian Islands. Conservative/transform boundary: Its called conservative as there is neither creation nor destruction of plate materials at the boundaries. What usually happens here is that the plates will slide past each other. These are usually areas where there are many earthquakes. They are caused by the accumulation and release of strain when the plates slide past each other. Good examples of conservative boundaries are the San Andreas Fault in California and mid-ocean ridges, the Rockies in North America. Possible consequences of convergent boundary: These are areas that are earthquake prone. These earthquakes can cause a lot of deaths to human beings and animals. A good example is the 1883 eruption of Krakatau volcano of Indonesia that killed more than 37,000 people. The hot magma contains some chemical that may be harmful to the human beings and also the existing vegetation. Where these big mountains are formed after the plate boundary formation, climatic conditions may change which may not be conducive to the existing flora and fauna.

The Debate Over the Origin of Modern Homo Sapiens Essay example -- Ant

The Debate Over the Origin of Modern Homo Sapiens There has been a great deal of heated debate for the last few decades about where modern Homo sapiens originated. From the battle grounds, two main theories emerged. One theory, labeled â€Å"Out-of-Africa† or â€Å"population replacement† explains that all modern Homo sapiens evolved from a common Homo erectus ancestor in Africa 100,000 years ago. The species began to spread and replace all other archaic human-like populations around 35,000 to 89,000 years ago. The rivaling opinion, entitled the â€Å"regional continuity† theory or â€Å"multiregional evolution† model refutes this theory and states modern humans evolved from various species of Homo erectus who interbred with others that lived in places such as Asia, Africa, and Europe. These scientists believe this theory would explain why there are differences among races around the world. As sound as the regional continuity theory appears, it seems to be slightly lacking in genetic support. It appears that most of the support of this theory depends on fossil record which is important information but not stable evidence. The Out-of-Africa theory relies on more than just fossil evidence but a combination of fossils and genetic studies. It is important to use this information as well as the fossil records because â€Å"various interpretations of the transition are possible if researchers concentrate on only fossil evidence, while the mtDNA studies more strongly support replacement†¦.the best approximation of the process still appears to be an African-based spread† (Nitecki and Nitecki, 1994). In a time where technology is becoming an integral part of society, it is easier to discover information that did not seem possible before. ... ...and Matthew Nitecki, eds. (1994). Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans. Plenum Press, New York. Noble, Ivan. (2001). Boost for ‘Out of Africa Theory [online]. BBC Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1323485.stm [Accessed 24 March 2001]. O’Hanlon, Larry. (2002). New Out-of-Africa Theory Unveiled [online]. News Brief Available from: http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20020225/eve.html [Accessed 1 April 2004]. Reuters. (2001). Scientists Challenge Evolution Theory [online]. ABC News Available from: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/scitech/DailyNews/evolution_ outofafrica010109.html [Accessed 24 March 2004]. Roach, John. (2002). Skull Fossil Challenges Out-of-Africa [online]. National Geographic News Available from: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/07/0703_020704_georgianskull.html [Accessed 24 March 2004].

Explication From Hamlet :: essays research papers

Assignment 1: Explication from Hamlet (1.3.111-137) (â€Å"My lord, he hath importuned me with love† †¦ [end of scene]. Ophelia and Polonius have a father-daughter discussion toward the end of Act 1 where Polonius, concerned father that he is, warns his daughter Ophelia of becoming too involved with Hamlet. This warning comes just as Laertes, brother and son, has bid farewell. Laertes has just warned Ophelia himself of getting involved with Hamlet—this is the first time the audience is alerted to the romance. What have we seen of Hamlet so far? He is deeply grieving his father’s death; he resents the rapid marriage of his uncle and mother bitterly; and he has been told of the ghost of his father. The plot is building faster than Claudius could say, â€Å"I do!† in these first few scenes, and I would imagine the first audience of Shakespeare’s play would have been absolutely gripped to see what it all will come to. Hamlet so far has been portrayed as passionate and earnest, but not necessarily mad. When he says to his mother, â€Å"Seems, Madam? I know not seems†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we are given the impression of a man who is who he is, without pretence or acting. We know little of Polonius so far except that he is a well meaning, good-natured, and for all appearances honourable servant of the king. This scene casts the first shadow of doubt upon Hamlet’s character. It is curious that Shakespeare warns Ophelia twice: once through Laertes, and once through Polonius. Reading Laertes’ speech we can see the perspective of an understanding, though cynical young man. He essentially says, â€Å"Be careful of Hamlet because he’s young and his passions are burning. When the passions die down he’ll realise his desire for you can’t be fulfilled by marriage because of political constraints, and you’ll be left behind, scandalised.† Both Laertes and Polonius recognise that Hamlet, being young and foolish, is also not subject to the same consequences of reckless behaviour as Ophelia: â€Å"with a larger tether may he walk.† But there are two main differences in what Polonius says and doesn’t saw: his warning lacks the political slant, and he attacks Hamlet’s integrity. Ophelia’s first protest to Polonius was that Hamlet had made his affections known to her â€Å"with love in honourable fashion,† and it is this statement that evoked Polonius’ response: â€Å"Ay, springes to catch woodcocks!† A springe is a type of trap or snare.

Over Representation Of Male African American Students Education Essay

Male, immature African-Americans are one of the deprived sectors in the American educational system because they are confronted with really limited chances at wining in academic and societal enterprises as in the instance with underprivileged populations. Statisticss showed that about 17 % of pupils in a school are African-Americans yet they account for the instances of suspensions and ejections at 32 % and 30 % severally. This is the figure in regular categories while these rates rise up to three times among Afro-american males in particular instruction or remedial categories as opposed to their white male opposite numbers. Less than 10 % ( 8.4 % ) of African-Americans are enrolled in the talented and gifted categories. All in all, consequences revealed that the odds that Afro-american males complete college is one against 12 while merely one against four in dropping out of high school ( Bailey & A ; Paisley, n.d. ) . It is the belief that change by reversaling the tendency of academic underachievement among African American childs is possible for schools to set about. Considerable grounds pointed out that low economic standing is an of import factor for inferior schooling in interior metropoliss where several basic demands remain unaddressed. While schools serve as the bastion of chance and hope, immature black males still fall victims of favoritism, marginalisation, and stigmatisation. In this scene, African American males are perceived to be stupid or misbehaving and are given harsher penalties when caught go againsting minor regulations and ordinances in school. Social welfare of these pupils are seldom explored and described. Young black African Americans are more likely to be excluded in competitory categories and other educational chances that would hold supported or encouraged them ( Noguera, 2002 ) . But why is the male gender over-represented? The Report to Congress cited possible grounds for such a high figure among males but are â€Å" non straightforward † ( p. 11 ) . There are three hypotheses that help explicate the laterality of males in particular instruction. First is biology owing to the fact that boys exhibit higher exposure to familial upsets andA greater temperament to possess peculiar larning disablements. Research has established that females show more biological progresss over males such more rapid rate of ripening and less birth anomalousnesss ( Harmon, Stockton, & A ; Contrucci, 1992 ) . Second, since male childs are more physically active and more likely misbehave or act out in the schoolroom, it is suggested that the overrepresentation is attributed to behavioural jobs. Though familial, biological or neuropsysiological differences could be attributed to physical activity for males, behavioural jobs on the footing of early acquisition may likewise influe nce determinations made during referral and placement. Kedar-Voivodas ( 1983 ) revealed that kid rise uping pattern, sex function modeling, A imitation, A socialisation, and a pupil ‘s single reaction to school are influential in the repertory of behaviour of misss and male childs in schoolroom state of affairss. Males may take advantage of early acquisition that that grownups are more tolerant towards their active behaviour while misss on the other manus are expected to act in a more inhibited manner ; inactive, quiet, obedient, and pleasant ( Wagner,1976 ) . Third, research workers in gender equity proposed that the over-representation of males is due to the consequence of gender prejudice in referral, categorization, and arrangement. Bias is referred to as the inclinationA of taking a place or formulating decisions refering to a individual on the footing of gender or sex. It was suggested by Kratovil and Bailey ( 1986 ) that gender prejudice in placing particular instructio n services emanates from gender stereotypes which dictate expected behaviours of females in society, which result in instructors who have high outlooks while digesting hapless academic accomplishment among female pupils. Little is done to analyze gender prejudice or favoritism being a lending factor in the over-representation of males in the particular instruction sector ( Anderson, 1997 ; Kratovil & A ; Bailey, 1986 ; Karlen, 1985 ; Phipps, 1982 ) .A The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 2004 was aimed at guaranting that pupils with particular demands receive Free Appropriate Public Education ( FAPE ) . In order to accomplish its aim, schools should hold intercessions that determine whether the kid that is referred to is a particular kid who needs particular instruction and other related services to suitably come on in school ( Willie, Garibaldi, & A ; Reed, 1991 ) . Several cases have mistakenly referred and unsuitably determined kids with particular demands to inscribe in particular instruction and other related services when they should non hold. Recurrence of this pattern to a peculiar group of pupils in a territory which in this instance male African American pupils result in the disproportional overrepresentation of these pupils in particular instruction ( Willie, et. al. , 1991 ) . This disturbing phenomenon in the particular instruction system has received a great sum of attending in research as documented by Agbenyega and Jiggets ( 1999 ) , MacMillian and Reschly ( 1998 ) , Oswald, Best and Countinho ( 1999 ) , Patton ( 1998 ) , U.S. Department of Education ( 2002 ) and Zhang and Katsiyannis ( 2002 ) . Within the past 30 old ages, surveies have continued to show the form of overrepresentation of African Americans in SPED categories providing to those with speech damages, behavioural upsets, mental deceleration, larning disablements, and physical damages ( Watkins & A ; Kurtz, 2001 ) . This overrepresentation happens when the frequence of pupils in the particular instruction plans is well near to the entire figure of pupils enrolled. For case, the per centum of African American enrollees ages three to 21 who are having services under IDEA in 2000 is 14.9 % ( US Department of Education NCES, 2000 ) . It should besides noted that African American pupils comprised 16.6 % of the entire school population in the same twelvemonth ( US Department of Commerce, 1972-2000 ) . Annually, the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs ( OSEP ) submits the Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of IDEA. Contained in this study is the population of pupils served in particular instruction and the cultural background of these pupils. Datas in the 2000 study showed that the job of over-representation of male African American pupils in particular instruction has undermined attempts towards the just proviso of educational chances throughout the state. In the SY 1998-1999, the likeliness of negatively labeling African American pupils were as follows: 2.9 times as mentally retarded ; 1.9 times, emotionally disturbed ; and 1.3 times, holding a learning disablement. In add-on, African American pupils less probably than White American pupils to return to general instruction schoolrooms after particular instruction. The unequivocal cause of this job is the subject of much argument. Some writers lay the incrimination on White American instructors who fear learning African American male pupils particularly the young person. In the US, Afro-american traditions are debased and society is invariably distributing fearful every bit good as negative stereotypes of African-Americans ( Schwartz, 2001 ) . Consequently, pedagogues endorse these stereotyped images and normally do non accept learning assignments if pupils are African Americans or enforce stricter penalties due to the preconceived impression of the deficiency of subject in their places. This behaviour and patterns by school instructors, forces and decision makers do non see fortunes on their congenital cognition, cognitive abilities, civilization and values of African American pupils taking to their want in school. Data on demographics revealed that more than one tierce of pupils in the simple and high school degrees are African Americans ( We instein, Tomlinson-Clarke & A ; Curran, 2004 ) . In striking contrast is the predomination of White, middle-class female instructors in the US learning force ( Ladson-Billings, 2001 ; US Department of Education, 1998 ) . Further intensifying the job is that bulk of White American instructors reside in White American vicinities and graduated from White colleges. In add-on, teacher instruction plans do non sufficiently turn to this racial instability which is permeant in American schoolrooms. Johnson ( 2006 ) stated that the manner persons view African American work forces is influential in how persons respond to them. He furthered that bulk of what is mentioned in educational and psychological literature about the male African American young person is that they are non intelligent, drug nuts, and sexual marauders who may be unemployed or incarcerated. Consequently, this judgmental description of male African American pupils leads to of course denying these persons chances to develop their rational, knowing and originative qualities which are typical of a â€Å" good pupil † . It is notable that research results revealed a figure of instructors make up one's minding on particular instruction referrals on the degree in which the kid is â€Å" docile † or non-threatening ( Harry & A ; Anderson, 1994 ; Hale-Benson, 1982 and Kunjufu, 1985 ) . Another cause that may hold contributed to the overrepresentation of male African American males in particular instruction is the subjectiveness and undependability of designation processs. Chiefly, proving and teacher referrals are mechanisms in which a pupil may be assessed whether he or she should have particular instruction services. Each of these processs nowadayss alone challenges to this phenomenon of overrepresentation of male African Americans in particular instruction. Both of these methods are being questioned in footings of its dependability and public-service corporation. For case, the Executive Committee of the Council for Child Behavior Disorders ( 1989 ) suggested jobs in the referral system since the initial stage of showing is non sensitive plenty in naming pupils holding internalising jobs. Furthermore, the Council for Child Behavior Disorders, Hilliard ( 1990 ) and Cummins ( 1986 ) held that impartial referrals every bit good as erroneous diagnosing occur in the à ¢â‚¬Å" judgmental † classs of particular instruction categorizations which are among the terrible emotional disturbed ( SED ) and mild mentally retarded ( MMR ) . Harry and Anderson ( 1994 ) said that in the appraisal of these disablements, subjective clinical judgement is relied upon instead than verifiable biological standards. It should be necessary to underline that there are two most common used types of trials in placing behavioural every bit good as larning disablements viz. : behavioural appraisals and intelligence trials. Critics have observed that IQ trials reflect baseline information of cultural cognition, cognitive ability of the Godhead ( s ) and the sample the trials were standardized, the linguistic communication accomplishments of pupils are assessed based on the linguistic communication of the bulk, and that professionals in instruction demand to be adept in the reading of linguistic communication and address scrutinies. Therefore, the procedure of proving is in itself wholly biased and pupils who have non culturally and societal experiences reflected in the trials are at a disadvantage ( Harry & A ; Anderson, 1994 ) . This i s the ground why the Board of Assessment and Testing ( BOTA ) came to the decision that there should be a reevaluation on the utility of the IQ trials in doing particular instruction determinations ( Morrison, White, & A ; Fever, 1996 ) . When IDEA was reauthorized in 1997, US Congress investigated research sing the general demographic profile and academic public presentation of pupils with particular demands. Idea 1997 clearly stipulated the demand for provinces to roll up and analyze informations in order to determine whether the important disproportionality in particular educational plans is attributed to race as mentioned in 34 C.F.R. A §300.755. So there is comparing between provinces, Congress listed five race/ethnicity bunchs that all provinces must use during the aggregation and coverage of informations as follows: American Indian, Asian/Pacific Islander, Black ( non-Hispanic ) , Hispanic, White ( non-Hispanic ) . Through the creative activity of a coverage mechanism that considers race or ethnicity informations, Congress are able to expeditiously supervise this issue. Furthermore, the coverage strategy provided a manner in which provinces and territories investigate over-representation concerns. Whether or non the belong to a different cultural background, IDEA '97 pointed out that particular instruction is non a topographic point but a set of services in support of kids with particular demands to be academically successful. To find individualised instruction plan ( IEP ) for a kid missing English installation, IEP squads should take into see the linguistic communication needs of the kid as stated in 34 C.F.R. A §300.346 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( two ) . IDEA besides provides that schools should hold entree to non-biased trials and rating processs in order to accurately place whether the kid has a disablement ( 34 C.F.R. A §300.532 ) . Last, IDEA specified that when a kid ‘s eligibility is based on English proficiency, the kid should non be eligible for particular instruction ( 34 C.F.R. A §300.534 ) and if kid is found to be ineligible for particular instruction if the finding factor is deficiency of direction in reading or math ( 34 C.F.R. A §300.534 ) . Equally early as 1965, the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights ( OCR ) has monitored informations on the registration of African American pupils in particular instruction plans. OCR has made a trailing of school territories every bit good as required conformity activities should jobs come up. For case in two territories, conformity activities resulted in the creative activity of pre-referral intercession processes which allowed practicians to better address behavioural and larning jobs under the context of supplying instructional intercessions and support in general instruction scenes. The OCR is tasted to implement a figure of Torahs impacting school patterns in relation to the over-representation of African American pupils. The following are the Torahs: First, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ( Section 504 ) which calls for the prohibition of favoritism against single with particular demands. Protection applies to persons considered possessing but do n on really have the disablement for case those who were misclassified. Second is Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) besides imposes the same countenance as Section 504 0f the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Third, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act ( Title VI ) which countenances against favoritism based on national beginning, race, or colour. Administrators were advised to utilize these Torahs as mention when treatment issues sing over-representation. What would go on if the information provides a clear indicant of over-representation in a school territory and no actions were taken to relieve the job? Because of the earnestness of this phenomenon, the territory may be involved in legal countenances. Furthermore, the school territory may be cited by OCR and should this go on, the OCR will teach the territory to come in into a disciplinary action program. For more than 30 old ages, over-representation informations have become outstanding topics of tribunal instances and in assorted educational forums that tackle steps to battle unfairnesss in the educational system. School decision makers can profit from their cognition of landmark instances on over-representation of African Americans in particular instruction such as Diana v. the California State Board of Education ( 1970 ) , Johnson v. the San Francisco Unified School District ( 1971 ) , and Larry P. v. Riles, California ( 1979 ) . These instances by and large shed visible radiati on on the prejudiced appraisal patterns in public schools. The appraisals have mistakenly labeled a important figure of minority pupils as necessitating particular educational services taking to their going segregated in particular instruction categories. The above instances were highly instrumental in determining the demands in IDEA Part B naming for nondiscriminatory testing and categorization, and the procedural precautions that prevent misclassification. The survey will be conducted in XISD located at the northeasterly subdivision of Dallas county, north Texas and research over-representation of male African Americans in particular instruction plan in the school territory concerned. The consequences of the survey will analyze the perceptual experiences and prejudices of instructors related to African American male, every bit good as the educational systems and constructions that may take to the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction, and contribute to the turning research related to the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction. Statement of the Problem The tabular array below presents the informations sing the most recent Annual Report which was the content of the 22nd Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Disability American Indian Asian/Paci-fic Islander Black ( non-Hispanic ) Hispa-nic White ( non-Hispanic ) Specific Learning Disabilities 1.4 1.4 18.3 15.8 63 Address and Language Damages 1.2 2.4 16.5 11.6 68.3 Mental Deceleration 1.1 1.7 34.3 8.9 54.1 Emotional Perturbation 1.1 1 26.4 9.8 61.6 Multiple Disabilities 1.4 2.3 19.3 10.9 66.1 Hearing Damages 1.4 4.6 16.8 16.3 66 Orthopedic Damages 0.8 3 14.6 14.4 67.2 Other Health Damages 1 1.3 14.1 7.8 75.8 Ocular Damages 1.3 3 14.8 11.4 69.5 Autism 0.7 4.7 20.9 9.4 64.4 Deaf-Blindness 1.8 11.3 11.5 12.1 63.3 Traumatic Brain Injury 1.6 2.3 15.9 10 70.2 Developmental Delay 0.5 1.1 33.7 4 60.8 All Disabilities 1.3 1.7 20.2 13.2 63.6 Resident Population 1 3.8 14.8 14.2 66.2 Looking at the tabular array above, African Americans between six to 21 old ages of age history near to 15 per centum ( 14.8 % ) of the entire population ; yet 20.2 % of the population in particular instruction are composed of this group. Furthermore, out of 13 disablement classs, the per centum of African Americans is equal to or greater than the per centum in the resident population in 10 disablement categories. African American representation in mental deceleration and developmental hold is two times more than the national estimations. Despite a overplus of research focused on comparing the educational experience of African American males in instruction, overrepresentation of this population in particular instruction persists ( Artiles & A ; Harry, 2005 ; Artiles & A ; Trent, 1994 ; Bondy & A ; Ross,1998 ; Ford, 2004 ; Hillard, 1992 ; Losen & A ; Orfield, 2002 ; MacMillan & A ; Reschley, 1998 ; Noguera, 2003 ; Reschley, 2002 ; Webb-Johnson, Artiles, Trent, Jackson, & A ; Velox, 1998 ) . Despite the fact that surveies on overrepresentation varied in the research design, the findings were found to be consistent and for over 25 old ages of paying attending to this educational quandary, coming up with solutions and replies to this job is imperative. Alternatively of documenting forms of over-representation, the focal point of scientific project should be on taking the classs of action and generating solutions. Most scientists have proposed supplying the preventative and appropriate intercessions for pupils who are at h azard for underachievement and heightening the capableness of instructors in working with surveies coming from diverse cultural and lingual backgrounds. Though these intercessions and solutions are desirable, the job lies in their development based on present organic structure of cognition sing overrepresentation. Majority of the probes on overrepresentation centres on general forms. Oftentimes, the losing portion of the mystifier is the analysis of variables that are potentially forecasters of overrepresentation forms ( MacMillan & A ; Reschly, 1998 ) . So that the efficient and effectual schemes are identified, there should be a considerable sum of deepness in the apprehension of these variables as demonstrated in the surveies of Artiles, Aguirre-Munoz, & A ; Abedi ( 1998 ) , Coutinho & A ; Oswald ( 1998 ) , Finn ( 1982 ) , and Hosp & A ; Reschly ( 2002 ) . The informations analyzed were state- and individual-level and zeroing on peculiar disablements like mental deceleration or learning disablement. In 1999, Oswald and co-workers comprehensively conducted an analysis using the degree most normally employed in the scrutiny of repre sentation forms which are obtained at the territory degree Over-representation has been found to be damaging to legion African American childs across the state. They could non derive entree to the course of study for general instruction, extremely likely become receiver of services non suited to their demands, and the hazard of being labelled unsuitably or misclassified. When a pupil is mistakenly labelled, perceptual experiences of low academic outlook are permeant. The pupil may besides yield to both societal and emotional jobs and achievement-related results are earnestly compromised. The impact of mislabelling on pupils is similar to those who really are particular kids such as disparities in educational chances, differences in graduation rates and gaining power during graduation and registration in third establishments ( NABSE, 2002 ) Purpose of the Study The intent of this proposed survey is to research the phenomenon of overrepresentation of male African Americans in XISD located at the northeasterly subdivision of Dallas county. Specifically it will foremost find the factors that contribute to the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction plans and suggest solutions and schemes to cut down disproportionality. Significance of the Study The job of over-representation of male African American pupils in particular instruction plans is a world frequently blamed to biased appraisal and referral processs widely reported in literature ( Cummins, 1986 ; Hilliard, 1990 ) . Unfortunately, the chance of being assigned to a particular instruction plan well increases one time the procedure of referral is initiated ( Artiles & A ; Trent, 1994 ) . When a pupil is referred, he or she is subjected to psychological testing and the result of the trials will find his or her arrangement ( Bahr et al. 1991 ) . Conversely, to be a immature male and African American is bad for arrangement. Social workers in school play a cardinal place in step ining the referral procedure and straight work with the population. When attempts in societal work are conducted earlier on, concerns during referral are addressed by debaring improper and gratuitous referral, proving, and arrangement. Early intercession steps provide chances for analyzing the abilities and strengths of pupils and farther explore alternate classs of action in arrangement hence extenuating the job. The information obtained during this stage will be valuable in determining whether or non the referral to particular instruction services is warranted and rule out other jobs for case the prejudice of the instructor before a comprehensive psychological rating is mandated. Social workers can implement a solution-focused attack in early intercession for immature male African Americans who are considered for particular instruction services. In this intercession, school societal workers perform pupil appraisal carefully tak ing into history the pupil ‘s school environment along with short-run intercessions aimed to find whether extra appraisal or arrangement is deemed necessary. This measure can help in guaranting that the referral is appropriate Harmonizing to Bruce ( 1995 ) , brief solution-focused intercession is effectual when turn toing jobs among particular instruction pupils in the forced clip school societal workers have worked with them. However, activities that form portion of this intercession must be age-appropriate in bring forthing optimum consequences. Artiles ( 2002 ) recommended a five-step guideline to efficaciously supervise over-representation in particular instruction schoolrooms. First is to hold a wide cognition refering to the history of the job. Despite alterations in the classs and forms over the past three decennaries, there are forms that appear to be predictable and consistent to random fluctuations. Therefore it is indispensable to roll up information sing the history of over-representation utilizing national and local statistics. In other words, the roots of the job will be traced from when it started every bit good as the causes that contributed to the forms of over-representation. Artiles and Trent ( 1994 ) , Artiles and Trent ( 2000 ) , and Reschly ( 1997 ) showed that size of the school territory, plans on particular instruction, and proportion of a minority group in the territory influence the job. There is a possibility that the territory may hold old cases of over-representation of English scholars though thi s tendency is non reflected in both province and national statistics. When school decision makers are cognizant of the history, it will ensue in the designation of classs or groups that are over-represented and efficient monitoring of plans. The 2nd measure is the designation of dependable and utile indexs. School decision makers need to clearly specify the job and utilize sound indexs ; by and large its definition is the â€Å" extent to which rank in a given group affects the chance of being placed in a disablement class † ( Oswald et al. 1999 ) . There should be at least two indexs to be measured in better understanding the job: indices of composing and hazard. Composition index is computed by â€Å" contrasting the group in general instruction with the per centum of the same group of pupils enrolled in a particular instruction plan † ( Artiles & A ; Trent, 2000 ) . Over-representation is apparent in a school when the per centum is greater than 10 % of the â€Å" p er centum expected on the footing of the school-age population † ( Chinn & A ; Hughes, 1987 ) . To exemplify this an illustration will be provided. The reported entire EL registration in the territories targeted is 42 % . Establishing on the 10 % standard, the EL is over-represented if the registration has exceeded 46.2 % 42+4.2 ) , the informations revealed that 45 % of pupils with disablements were ELs ; hence there is no over-representation in the territory. In contrast, hazard index represents the figure of persons in a group labeled to be in demand of particular instruction services ( Reschly, 1997 ) . In the research of Artiles and Trent ( 2002 ) , though 45 % of pupils in particular instruction comprise ELs, approximately 8 % of the full ELs were in these plans. The typical scenario is that the composing index is ever greater than the hazard index. The 3rd is definition of mark groups. History has seen that over-representation is influenced by cultural minorities ; neve rtheless, it could besides be evident in other subgroups such as low socio-economic position of which really small is known. Therefore it is of import to zero in on specific groups within the population that is targeted for the intercession. For case the survey of Aristiles and Trent ( 2002 ) found that the EL subgroup showed a higher likeliness of a particular instruction arrangement compared to their opposite numbers who are adept in English-ELs stand a 27 % opportunity to being placed in simple particular instruction categories and about twice at the secondary degrees. The scenario in secondary categories with enrollees who are mentally retarded was dramatic as ELs were more than thrice likely to be assigned in this peculiar plan and 38 % in secondary categories for those possessing damage in linguistic communication and address. The writers found a certain subgroup in the EL population showing a higher opportunity of being over-represented. Unless this analysis is performed, imp ortant forms are masked. The 4th measure involves the scrutiny of forms of arrangement in a multi-stage or degree attack. A tracking system should take assorted locations and multiple degrees in which analysis returns from sum to disaggregate degrees. Datas on arrangement can be analyzed harmonizing to service options ( self-contained schoolroom against resource room ) , disablement type and plans. Behavior of these analyses is at the province down to the territory so eventually the class degree. The survey of Aristiles and Trent ( 2002 ) mentioned that though informations at the territory degree did non stand for EL over-representation, a typical tendency was noted in the grade level- ELs were non over-represented in classs K-4, nevertheless emerged in class 5 and remained clearly seeable until grade 12. Furthermore, the index on hazard systematically increased from Kindergarten up to rate 6 from 2 % to 16 % and tableland from classs 7-12 ( range=11-16 % ) . The last measure is the development of short- and long-run docket in undertaking the jobs. Over-representation is simply an index, but non the primary job. Donovan and Cross ( 2002 ) emphasized the influence of assorted factors like poorness, low birth weight, less entree to well-trained instructors, and prejudice in appraisal. This phenomenon should be a warning for school decision makers to turn to basic jobs instead than handling it as the lone job necessitating undivided attending. The school decision makers should see the demands for instructional and educational services, quality of direction and academic and life results. There is a demand for close monitoring of these factors along with concentrating on pupil demographics. Solutions in the yesteryear have dwelt on equilibrating statistics or trying to develop a more precise method of appraisal. These steps have in world sidestepped the major aim of instruction, which is the proviso of equal chances for instruction and more significantly, equal edu cational results. Nature of the Study In order to supply grounds on the over-representation of male African Americans in particular instruction plans in XISD, this survey will set up the factors that contribute to the overrepresentation of male African Americans in particular instruction, the influence of cultural prejudice, multi-cultural and/or diverseness preparation, White/female privilege and gender on the over-representation of male African Americans in particular instruction. Study execution will use the descriptive, qualitative, and cross-sectional design. The complex nature of the job will be approached utilizing a qualitative research design because the research worker has deemed this method appropriate in finding the nature of over-representation in a school territory in Dallas county. Creswell ( 1994 ) said â€Å" A qualitative survey is defined as an enquiry procedure of understanding a societal or human job, based on constructing a composite, holistic image, formed with words, describing elaborate positions of sources, and conducted in a natural scene. Alternatively a quantitative survey, consistent with the quantitative paradigm, is an enquiry into a societal or human job, based on proving a theory composed of variables, measured with Numberss, and analyzed with statistical processs, in order to find whether the prognostic generalisations of the theory clasp true. † In a qualitative design, respondents in the survey will be asked to associate their experiences so the phenomenon will be interpreted. The strength of this method lies in its ability to â€Å" supply complex textual descriptions of how people experience a given research issue † . Through this method, the human side of a research job is highlighted which could include emotions, positions, sentiments, beliefs, and behaviours. An advantage of qualitative research is its usage of open-ended inquiries that provides chance for cardinal sources to freely show their responses in their ain footings instead than holding them encircle from fixed picks as is the instance of quantitative research. The usage of open-ended inquiries guarantee that the replies have significance and culturally relevant. Likewise the consequences are unanticipated by the research worker and provides a richer and explanatory position. In qualitative research, aggregation and analysis of informations are done at the same time and make non continue in a additive manner ( Merriam, 1998 ) . Methods of analysing informations entailed written text, coding and classification of interviews and field notes ( Sells & A ; Smith, 1997 ) . The informations decrease methods of Miles and Huberman ( 1994 ) will be used in the analysis of informations which will get down with categorizing and form matching, exposing informations in the signifier of matrices, and pulling decisions and verifying. Ryan and Bernard ( 2000 ) presented a cryptography strategy which involved abbreviations, cardinal words, and Numberss that mark transitions in the information set. Codes that portion in relationship and content are combined forming larger bunchs or classs. Once coding is applied, constructs begin to emerge which will so be further analyzed in footings of how it is linked to the theoretical model. Because the survey will analyse multiple instance surveies, within- and cross-case analyses will be carried out ( Merria m, 1998 ) to find the subjects that are common among all the instances considered. In the within-case analysis, each instance will be treated as comprehensive instance in and of itself. Data will be coded and subjects will be identified. Once analysis of each instance is completed, a cross-case analysis will be employed to find the common subjects in all the instances. Those to be interviewed in the survey include instructors, pupils with disablements, parents, school psychologists, and facilitators. The research worker will besides reexamine the records of pupils to find whether their referral into the particular instruction plan followed IDEA. Research Questions The survey will be purposefully conducted in order to supply replies to the undermentioned inquiries: What factors contribute to the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? How does cultural prejudice influence the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? What impact does multicultural and/or diverseness preparation ( pre-service and/or professional development ) have on the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? How does White/female privilege influence the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? How does gender impact the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? Theoretical Model The survey will based its theoretical analysis on three theories viz. : Classical View Theory, Social Dominance Theory ( SDT ) , Critical Race Theory ( CRT ) , Instructional Leadership and Transformational Leadership Theory. Classical View Theory Classical View Theory refers to the traditional manner, and most common ground, African American males are referred to Particular Education. The usual method of placing a pupil for arrangement in a Particular Education plan begins chiefly with the recommendation of the regular schoolroom instructor ; on occasion, parents are the initiatorsaa‚ ¬A ¦students are so assessed. However, pupils of culturally diverse backgrounds may non profit from mainstream appraisal instruments. Nationwide, Black kids are three times every bit likely as White kids to be placed in categories for the mentally retarded ( Kozol, 1991, p. 119 ) . Teachers ‘ cultural attitudes and positions may act upon referral procedure and support personal prejudices. Delpit ( 2006 ) suggested that a misconstruing exists between instructors and minority pupils in seting between holistic and traditional direction. Teachers do non understand the larning potency of minority pupils ; moreover, Delpit contended th at instructors have the inclination to put bounds on their instructional bringing. Deficit thought, causes many instructors to see minority pupils as liabilities instead than assets alternatively of capturing and prosecuting the wealth of cognition all kids bring to the schoolroom ( Landsman & A ; Lewis, 2006 ) . Russell ( 2005 ) emphasized that African American parents must go familiar with schemes on how to steer successfully among school and territory policies and patterns every bit good as the system as a whole to recommend more efficaciously for their kids. Social Dominance Theory The societal laterality theory ( SDT ) has become a powerful influence in associating groups to the socio-political sphere of the power dealingss across gender and assorted social strata ( Sidanius & A ; Pratto, 1999 ) . This theory argues the presence of group-based hierarchies in all human societies where the dominant groups obtain more benefits and have a higher entree to resources as opposed to the subsidiary groups. The theory presents the mechanism that enable the dominant groups to retain their topographic point or place in society, and hypothesizes the invariant relationship bing between gender and group-based inequality with the work forces at a greater advantage since they systematically benefit from the gender inequality ( Sidanius, Pratto, & A ; Bobo, 1994 ) . Dissimilar to most intergroup dealingss theories, SDT considers prejudice as functional instead than irrational ( Sidanius, 1993 ) . It is reasonable for work forces to be in favour of the inequality since they draw from the females, material advantage from society by keeping these political orientations and attitudes. This besides holds for other groups. Several writers have verified the basic premises of SDT like Pratto et Al. ( 2000 ) , Pratto et Al. ( 1994 ) , Pratto, Stallworth, & A ; Sidanius ( 1997 ) Sidanius et Al. ( 2000 ) , Sidanius et Al. ( 1994 ) , Sidanius, Pratto, & A ; Brief ( 1995 ) , Sidanius, Pratto, & A ; Rabinowitz ( 1994 ) , but at that place remains uncertainty sing whether the theory can be generalized. SDT is being criticized for its being homeostatic ; in other words, all the premises are geared towards keeping inequality in society. What will go on if a society undergoes a important alteration where antecedently dominant groups become the subsidiary to those who were antecedently the minority group? At present, SDT does non widen to this instance. The SDT stated that societal stratification occurs on the footing of gender, age, and â€Å" arbitrary set † which could be cultural background, category or race. Its theoretical anticipations commence by presuming the stableness and fastness of these three systems. In the event that the existent political power in one of the societal stratification systems reverses intending a antecedently subjugated group becomes the opinion category, will this reversal of power be outright mirrored psychologically? Will those oppressed in the past support inequality in society? And when there is power reversal in one system, how will be other two be affected psychologically? Will they be upset or non? How about the mechanisms that govern care of inequality and hierarchy in society? There are three basic premises in the SDT: 1. â€Å" While age- and gender-based hierarchies will be given to be within all systems, arbitrary-set systems of societal hierarchy will constantly emerge within societal systems bring forthing sustainable economic excess † . 2. Most signifiers of group struggle and subjugation ( racism, ethnocentrism, sexism, patriotism, classis, regionalism ) can be regarded as different manifestations of the same basic human sensitivity to organize group-based societal hierarchies. The 2nd premise tackles the difference between SDT and SIT. Though SIT recognizes and accommodates the phenomenon of societal hierarchy every bit good as the power dealingss of societal groups, SDT focuses on group-based societal hierarchy. It is SIT that developed the account for favouritism within groups under the context of groups that are defined randomly. However, SDT is the conceived to be the model that explain the being of societal hierarchy. Because of this, the SDT ‘s focal point is on the impact of societal discourses and the behaviour of the person and establishments on the type and degree of group-based hierarchy. In scenarios where dealingss in hierarchal groups can non be identified, the SDT offers small account and one might be contented to explicate bias and favoritism utilizing earlier theoretical accounts like the SIT, realistic group struggle theory, and autocratic personality theory. The SDT states non merely will group-based societal hierarchy omnipresent but besides most if non all biass, political orientations, and stereotypes refering to high quality and lower status among groups every bit good as the nature of single and institutional favoritism both contribute and reflect group-based societal hierarchy. Simply put, phenomena such as favoritism, stereotypes, racism can non be explained outside the model of group-based societal hierarchy, particularly within the societal systems of economic excess. 3. â€Å" Human societal systems are capable to the compensating influences of hierarchy-enhancing forces, bring forthing and keeping of all time higher degrees of group-based societal inequality, and hierarchy-attenuating forces bring forthing greater degrees of group-based societal equality † . As one reads historical histories in societies that are non-hunter-gatherer, there are testaments to the utmost group-based societal inequality. A comparatively recent illustration is the movable bondage in the US which is one of the most ghastly illustrations of inequality in human history. Because societal value either positive or negative is non every bit distributed across the population, group-based societal inequality consequences. Through the usage of societal beliefs, philosophies, and myths, uneven distribution of societal value is given justification. Simultaneously, historical records would propose efforts were made to consistently make more inclusive and classless societal systems. Evidence from history would uncover that HA forces are evident in the early Christian discourse to the sociopolitical discourses stemming from Marxist, socialist, and societal democratic motions in the nineteenth century to the human and civil rights militants in the in-between and late twentieth century. The HA forces nevertheless have appeared to chair the extent of inequality in non-hunter-gatherer societies.